Influential American Writers Who Believed and Wrote about...

In history we had many different authors who set standards for many other authors today. We covered many different so far in the semester some of these authors have similar views and some with totally different views. We covered Jean De Crevecover, Thomas Paine, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Phillis Wheatley. These authors are Revolutionary War Era author who’s trying to answer what is an American. In history many authors try to answer this question. You get many difference answers for this question. Jean De Crevecover is French American author. Crevecover was born January 31,1735 and died November 12, 1813. Jean de Crevecover served French and Indian War. He moved to New York State and became a farmer. He†¦show more content†¦Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were both American presidents. Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father. He was born April 13 1743 and died July 4, 1826. Thomas Jefferson was anti slavery. Jefferson was famous for writing the De claration Of Independent. Ben Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Ben Franklin was born January 17, 1706 and died April 17, 1790. Ben Franklin is known for this work â€Å"Poor Richard†. Ben Franklin wasn’t just an author he was also a scientist. He was also known for the kite and key experiment. Jean De Crevecover wrote â€Å"What is An American† A letter from an American farmer. Letters from an American Farmer is letters Describing Certain Situations, Manners, and Customs not Generally Known. The twelve letters cover topics from the emergence of an American identity to the slave trade. Crevecover wrote Letters during a period of seven years prior to the American Revolutionary War while farming land near Orange County New York. It is told from the viewpoint of a English man, and each letter concerns a different aspect of life or location in the British colonies of America. Crevecover was against slavery he believes everyone such be f ree. Thomas Paine published â€Å"Common Senses† on 1776 spoke about independence for the American colonies from Britain. Common Sense played a remarkable role in transforming a colonial into the American Revolution. Common Sense inspiredShow MoreRelatedWhat Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement?745 Words   |  3 Pages1828 to about 1865. The main feature of the American Romantic period was the celebration and praise of individualism. This time is also considered to be the first period of genuine American creativity. Emotion, instead of reason, became the largest source of inspiration and creativity during this period. All of this was a reaction to all of the constraints that were forced on people during the era of Realism. At this time in history, America was in a great period of expansion, the writers of theRead MoreThe Similarities Of Transcendentalism And American Romanticism1386 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration. Two of the most prevalent literary eras were Transcendentalism and American Romanticism . Both of these movements occurred in the mid 1800’s. Although they occurred during the time period they do have their differences. Contrasts can be seen in their authors’ purpose and in their beliefs, but Transcendentalism and American Romanticism do hold many easily comparable similarities. Transcendentalism and American Romanticism authors wanted to discover themselves and lead their readers to theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Book Report The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Douglass himself, giving a detailed description of the slaveholders cruelty. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and he makes known that he does not know his specific birthdate, â€Å"... no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.† (47), but it was approximately around 1818. Once being enslaved, and then escapingRead MoreNatural Justice : The Crux Of Transcendentalism And Abolitionism1651 Words   |  7 Pagessupporters identified as transcendentalists, or writers and philosophers who believed that by looking to nature, a divine creation, society could solve its problems. In effect, they believed that because African-Americans were also God’s creatures, they too had agency. Three iconic writers associated with the movement made up for their financial failures as writers to become influential volunteers and activists that educated the Ame rican public about the repugnant nature of slavery, effectively rallyingRead MoreEssay about Influential Poets of the Beat Generation1460 Words   |  6 Pageswritings which were widely criticized as well as loved by many readers. Two of the most influential Beat Poets of that Generation of writers were Allen Ginsberg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. The Beat Generation poetry was the first poets to write about non-conventional subjects as well as using different forms of expression in their works. This generation of poets greatly influenced poets such as Anne Sexton, who wrote about personal experiences as well. The Beat Generation’s style of poetry have influencedRead MoreThomas Paine : Towards An Independent Nation1718 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Paine is most known for his influence in the freedom loving American colonies. With his excellent use of rhetoric and his charisma, he quickly began to gain followers. In his writings, such as Common Sense, The Rights of Man, and The Age of Reason, he used these skills to call the Americans to action. Thomas Paine influenced American society and literature with his argumentative pamphlets and influential writings which inspired Americans to take action against Britain. Thomas Paine sRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance And American History1217 Words   |  5 Pagesentertainment around the world. The black community used art such as music, literature, and paintings to express social freedom. Artist such as Jacob Lawrence, Langston Hughes, and Duke Ellington used their art as a form of therapy and communication to share the life of an African American in White America. This phenomenon created culture pride within the community. Their art is significant to American history because it mirrored and gave a voice to the struggles within the Black community because they expressedRead MoreCompare and Contrast Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass740 Words   |  3 PagesChristian views, and new ideas about human rights are what prompted this anti-slavery movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear around 1820. Abolitionist literature included newspapers, sermons, speeches and memoirs of slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass were tw o abolitionist writers. They were similar in some ways and different in others (â€Å"Abolition†). Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Connecticut in 1811 as the daughter of Reverend Lyman Beecher who was active in the anti-slaveryRead MoreKate Chopins Writing Career and Influence on Society Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin was a influential author that introduced powerful female characters to the american literacy world. She was most known for her brilliant book The Awakening. However at that time it received many negative reviews, causing the downfall of Kate’s writing career. Now the book is such a influential story that it is being taught in classrooms throughout the world. This essay will discuss Kate Chopin’s writing career and the impact her writing has on society. Kate Chopin was an author bestRead MoreHarriet Tubman And Frederick Douglass1749 Words   |  7 Pageshelping draw attention to the grave inequalities between the races in the United States. Through Harriet Tubman’s growth from a slave to a â€Å"criminal† who helped free over 300 hundred slaves in her lifetime, and Frederick Douglass’s amazing literary works which were inspired by his life, such as, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave, which truly showed the people the realities of being a slave and exposed some of the atrocities that had been commonplace in the fields of the

Essay on Prevention Of Hiv Transmittance To Babies

Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Last year, it was cause for celebration. The cause of celebration was for the results that several clinical trials of zidovudine cut the risk for mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) by two thirds. Although, this year, it is the basis for new federal recommendations that all pregnant women should receive HIV testing and counseling. But, these findings have been cause of protests by several activist groups. Activists fear that conservative legislators and policy makers will use the clinical data to justify mandatory testing and treatment for pregnant women. During the latter part of February, the United States Public Health Services published guidelines for HIV†¦show more content†¦The center for Disease control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. reports that as of December 31, 1994, there were 58,448 women with AIDS in the United States. Nearly one fourth of the total were reported in 1994 alone. AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death in US women ages 25 to 44 and in 15 major United States cities. In 1993, the CDC estimated that 7,000 HIV infected women gave birth in this country, in other words, about one in every 625 women who gave birth that year was HIV positive. The rate of mother to child transmission rate ranged from 15% to 30%, which is estimated that there were as many as 2,000 HIV infected infants born in the United States in 1993. Much of the controversy centers on AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) protocol 076. In the 2 year study, 239 of the 477 HIV infected women enrolled received AZT during pregnancy and delivery. Their infants received the drug for six weeks. At 18 months, 8.3% of the infants in the treatment group vs. 25.5 % of the controls were infected. quot;Evidence based on every analysis that has been done of the outcomes to date shows that this is a prevention breakthrough,quot; said Wanda Jones, DrPH, acting associate director of CDCs office of Womens Health. Activists believe that the data is incomplete and should not be used as theShow MoreRelatedHiv Theory And Behavior Paper2195 Words   |  9 PagesHIV Theory and Behavior Paper HIV also Known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that leads to the disease Aids by disturbing the helper T cell of the immune system.There are two types of HIV-1 which is carried througout the world and HIV-2 which is dominant in mjaority of West Africa.HIV transmission is when the HIV virus is spread from person to person.The most common way HIV is spread through the United States is by sex intercourse and sharing drug injection equipment such as needles and

Heroic Leaders as White-Collar Criminals

Questions: 1. Five forms of white collar crimes committed through the use of information technology? 2. Analysis on techniques used to commit crimes has changed with the advancing of information technology? 3. Example of each form of white collar crime? Answers: Introduction According to Arnulf Gottschalk (2012), White collar crime is a non-violent crime, involves the crime that is to be committed through deceit as well as motivated by the financial gain. The types of white collar crimes are internet fraud, tax evasion, money laundering as well as embezzlement. The most common crime that falls under white collar crimes is insurance fraud as well as tax evasion (Dobovek Slak, 2015). Many scams as well as frauds fall into the white collar crime. This crime is committed by the people in the business world to gain access to large amount of fund. 1. Five forms of white collar crimes committed through the use of information technology Computer and Internet fraud: The computer hackers steal the information that is contained on the computer hard disks which includes bank related details, details of credit card, proprietary information. The victim uses the technological tools to access a secure internet location (Krismann, 2014). The criminal can intercept the private information of the victim such as the id, password, and information of credit card. This is referred to as identity theft. Computer hacking: It occurs when an unknown gains some illegal access to protect their computer by exploiting their vulnerabilities of the system. The hackers use the experts of the software to break the security codes to access the information stored in the computer (Gold, 2012). Web Application Security expertise tracks the hacking incident that are reported in medium and this result into the vulnerabilities in the web application security (Bhat Abulaish, 2014). Phishing: It is a virtual trap that is set by the offender to use the official e-mails to attract the victim; take them to a fake websites to take the personal information of the victim. The criminal requires the internal information of an organization by hacking the computer network of that organization (Heinonen, Spink Wilson, 2014). They send e-mails to the targeted victims to click on an e-mail to provide their password, user id as well as access codes etc. Copyright infringement: It is the activity that includes both physical harm and violence. The criminal uses the unauthorized use of the copyrighted materials. The use of internet is increasing for infringement activities that make the criminal sanction better prevention, thus the internet copyright infringement becomes a white collar crime. It causes many security risks to an organization that includes the infiltration of malware as well as viruses that threaten the security of the system and slow down the IT networks (Eivazi, 2012). Money laundering: It is the associated with the crimes that provide financial gain to the criminal (Zabyelina, 2015). The criminal is using electronic technology to execute the crime of money laundering (Stack, 2015). The use of new technology provides more avenues to the criminal to launder fund. Therefore, the criminals are being benefited from the technology (Behrens, 2015). 2. Analysis on techniques used to commit crimes has changed with the advancing of information technology A wide range of new technology has been developed that is used as a crime prevention tools. These innovation techniques are appearance of threat assessment protocols, new software programs is developed to prevent the identity theft, a new assessment tools is developed to identify the individuals those are likely offender within the specified frame of time (Furnell Moore, 2014). A program referred to as GIS mapping is used to examine the location of the offender (Wright, 2012). The other area in which the information technology is used to prevent the crime is the use of newly developed software as well as creation of new devices to monitor the transaction over the internet on web bases social networking sites (Perri, 2011). It has changed the way of investigating the financial crime, internet related crime (Braithwaite, 2010). Data encryption is the procedure that is used to prevent the cyber crime; it is used in cryptography to convert the plaintext into cipher text. Mainly, it is used to prevent the criminal to read the message of any recipient. In this procedure, each individual has a pair of keys, i.e. public as well as private key (Jo, Lee Choi, 2015). Public key of each individual is published but the private key is kept back secret from others. The messages are being encrypted using the public key and it is decrypted using private key. Digital signature is the technique that is used to validate both the authenticity as well as integrity of the software as well as message or any digital document (Cui Jiang, 2012). It solves the problem of tampering in digital communications (Zhu Yang, 2015). It also provides the assurance of confirmation to identity as well as the importance of an electronic document (Savu, 2012). Therefore, digital signature makes complicated for the signer to deny have signed so mething as it is unique to both the document as well as signer. It is also used to provide safe transaction over the internet. In many countries, digital signature has the legal significance of signed documents (M E K C, 2015). 3. Example of each form of white collar crime Online fraud: Western union is used for doing online fraud; most of the scams encouraged the clients to use western union for transferring of funds (Sajid Bashir, 2011). As western union does not offer escrow services, thus the clients cannot get any return for non-receipt of goods as well as services (Gottschalk, 2011). It is not an appropriate way to transfer the funds for any business purposes. Online hacking: The state of Montanas department of health exposed that an information breach affected their business. It is being seen that the personal information of current as well as former residents, the families of the dead have been accessed in the attack. (Michael, 2012). It is not clear if the hackers are using the information or selling on black market (Lakoff, 2012). The hackers information gained some access to personal information like records of medical, records of insurance, address and certificates of date of birth (Gottschalk Glas, 2013). Phishing: In the year 2003, the users received emails from eBay claim that the account of the users was about to hanging the information of the credit card that the genuine eBay already had (Gupta Pieprzyk, 2011). It is easy to make website that is look like the organizations site; the scam on the people being tricked by thinking them that it was being contacted by eBay and they were updating their account information in the eBays sites (Li, Zhao Jiao, 2011). Copyright infringement: Pharmaceutical companies make fake claims about drugs as well as factories are unlawfully dump toxic wastes. Hooker Chemical Company dumped toxic waste into canal in Nigeria falls and sold the land without disclose the dumping (Larsson, 2013). The land was sold to private housing developer and the residents faces major health problems such as birth defects etc (Miller, 2012). Money laundering: A French bank fled guilty for falsifying business record after it was discovered that the institution violated US sanctions against Cuba, Sudan and Iran (Mugarura, 2015). As a result, the bank was to pay the amount of $8.9 billion which is the largest fine for violating those sanctions (Markovska Adams, 2015). Conclusion Internet is a new access to white collar crimes. It has a bigger effect on the economy. It is a non-violent act that is committed by business person as well as public official. Most of the white collar crimes involved significant use or misuse of a computer. Social as well as technological changes give rise to white collar crime. The hackers access information that is contained on the computer hard disks which includes bank related details, details of credit card etc. Phishing is a virtual trap that is set by the cyber criminals to use the official e-mails to attract the victim and take them to a fake websites and then by tricking the victim and take their personal information. Data encryption is used to prevent the criminal to read the message of any recipient. Therefore, digital signature makes complicated for the signer to deny have signed something as it is unique to both the document as well as signer. References List Arnulf, J., Gottschalk, P. (2012). Heroic Leaders as White-Collar Criminals: An Empirical Study. Journal Of Investigative Psychology And Offender Profiling, 10(1), 96-113. Behrens, T. (2015). Lift-off for Mexico? Crime and finance in money laundering governance structures. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(1), 17-33. Bhat, S., Abulaish, M. (2014). Using communities against deception in online social networks. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(2), 8-16. Braithwaite, J. (2010). Diagnostics of white-collar crime prevention. Criminology Public Policy, 9(3), 621-626. Cui, X., Jiang, L. (2012). Design and Realization of Digital Signature System. AMR, 562-564, 872-875. Dobovek, B., Slak, B. (2015). Old horizons of organised-white collar crime. Journal Of Financial Crime, 22(3), 305-317. Eivazi, K. (2012). Is termination of internet users accounts by an ISP a proportionate response to copyright infringement?. Computer Law Security Review, 28(4), 458-467. Furnell, S., Moore, L. (2014). Security literacy: the missing link in today's online society?. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(5), 12-18. Gold, S. (2012). Hacking on the hoof. Engineering Technology, 7(3), 80-83. Gottschalk, P. (2011). White-Collar Crime and Police Crime: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrels?. Critical Criminology, 20(2), 169-182. Gottschalk, P., Glas, L. (2013). Gender in White-Collar Crime: An Empirical Study of Pink-Collar Criminals. International Letters Of Social And Humanistic Sciences, 4, 22-34. Gupta, G., Pieprzyk, J. (2011). Socio-technological phishing prevention. Information Security Technical Report, 16(2), 67-73. Heinonen, J., Spink, J., Wilson, J. (2014). When crime events defy classification: The case of product counterfeiting as white-collar crime. Security Journal. Jo, S., Lee, S., Choi, D. (2015). Data Preprocessor for Order Preserving Encryption. AMM, 752-753, 1356-1359. Krismann, C. (2014). Sources: Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime. Reference User Services Quarterly, 53(3), 278-278. Lakoff, A. (2012). Ian Hacking. Public Culture, 24(1 66), 217-232. Larsson, D. (2013). The Reaction Towards White Collar Crime: When White Collar Crime Matters. TOCRIJ, 6(1), 1-9. Li, Y., Zhao, L., Jiao, R. (2011). Phishing web image segmentation based on improving spectral clustering. J. Electron.(China), 28(1), 101-107. M E, R., K C, R. (2015). Application of Classical Encryption Techniques for Securing Data- A Threaded Approach. IJCI, 4(2), 125-132. Markovska, A., Adams, N. (2015). Political corruption and money laundering: lessons from Nigeria. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(2), 169-181. Michael, K. (2012). Hacking: The Next Generation. Computers Security, 31(6), 799. Miller, A. (2012). White coats and white-collar crime. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(1), E19-E20. Mugarura, N. (2015). The jeopardy of the bank in enforcement of normative anti-money laundering and countering financing of terrorism regimes. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(3), 352-370. Perri, F. (2011). White-Collar Criminals: The Kinder, Gentler Offender?. Journal Of Investigative Psychology And Offender Profiling, 8(3), 217-241. Sajid Bashir,. (2011). Antecedents of white collar crime in organizations: A literature review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, 5(35). Savu, L. (2012). Combining Public Key Encryption with Schnorr Digital Signature. JSEA, 05(02), 102-108. Stack, G. (2015). Baltic shells: on the mechanics of trade-based money-laundering in the former Soviet space. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(1), 81-98. Wright, R. (2012). Prosecution white collar crime whats going on?. Ac, 1998(12). Zabyelina, Y. (2015). Reverse money laundering in Russia: clean cash for dirty ends. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(2), 202-219. Zhu, S., Yang, X. (2015). Protecting data in cloud environment with attribute-based encryption. International Journal Of Grid And Utility Computing, 6(2), 91.

Odyssey and Siren free essay sample

The elusive and manipulative Sirens of Homers Odyssey are the focus of Margaret Atwoods poem Siren Song, though the latter is told instead from the Sirens point of view. Through this new point of view, one is able to compare the portrayals of Sirens based on Odysseus account as well as a Sirens herself. Additionally, the feigned blase tone of Atwoods poem adds a comical element that humanizes a being viewed only as a monster in the Odyssey. In Homers Odyssey, Sirens are portrayed as conniving, ruthless creatures whose bloodlust leads them to prey upon each vessel that passes. They use their song to lure men in, crooning compliments at them along the likes of: famous Odysseus—Archeas pride and glory! (Homer 14). Odysseus men are forced to restrain him so that he does not fall victim to the Sirens, and Odysseus even puts beeswax in his crew mens ears so that their are not distracted. We will write a custom essay sample on Odyssey and Siren or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Sirens are seen as a great danger, one that could easily bring destruction on even the paramount and bravest men. When exposed to their ravishing voices, Odysseus feels that the heart inside [him] throbbed to listen longer (Homer 19-20). He prepares himself and his crew for this encounter with the Sirens, making absolutely sure that they will not reap devastation upon his voyage. In Homers example, Sirens are a danger that Odysseus, in this case a representative of mankind, is able to outwit and overpower. Contrastingly, in Margaret Atwoods poem, men are made out to be fools in the eyes of the Sirens. Homers Sirens claim that a man who hears [their song] to his hearts content sails on, a wiser man (Homer 18) while the speaking Siren in Atwoods poem is very blunt in disclosing that the men who listen to their song do not return, for anyone who has heard it / is dead (Atwood 8-9). Atwoods Siren seems to mock men and their misplaced sense of entitlement, describing how simply hearing the Sirens song causes men to leap overboard in squadrons / even though they see the beached skull (Atwood 5-6). Later, the Siren croons directly to a man with an engorged hero complex: This song / is a cry for help: Help me! / Only you, only you can, / you are unique (Atwood 21-24). The sarcasm evident in blandly describing the song as being a cry for help shows how the men would blindly risk their lives if given the opportunity to save the Sirens, and thus earning the title of being a hero. While both Homers Odyssey and Atwoods Siren Song share a specific topic, the point of view from which each is told is crucial to the overall meanings. Homers epic poem focuses on the bravery of man and of Odysseus outwitting the creatures, while Atwoods poem instead focuses on the countless other men whose folly was playing straight into the Sirens ploy. Atwoods poem, being told from the Sirens perspective, makes mankind out to be foolish and vainglorious. This unusual point of view gives the creature a sense of humanity that was completely lacking from Homers original tale.

Methods of contraception used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome Essay Example

Methods of contraception used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome Essay Example Methods of contraception used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome Paper Methods of contraception used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome Paper Methods of contraception used in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome differed in their nature and degree of effectiveness. They ranged from scientific methods that are still used nowadays to quasi-scientific and barely effective to dangerous and futile. In ancient Egypt, females used a mixture of honey and sodium bicarbonate to irrigate their genitalia. Another invention was a tampon-like object with acid anhydride. Acid anhydride is still used as a chief component of contemporary contraceptive jellies. Manuscript titled Ebers Papyrus, from 1550 BC, contains an advice about mixing dates, acacia bark and honey into a paste to be placed the vagina. The effectiveness of this method was considerable for the reason that sugar ferments were converted into lactic acid, a spermicide (Chauhan, 2003). While some substances that were used did not have any specific qualities to have a chemical effect on the sperm, ‘the insertion of substances like honey or crocodile dung into the vagina could have effectively blocked a males semen because of its thick consistency’ (Habiger, 1998, ‘Pregnancy,’ para. 4). Barrier methods were also widespread: women in ancient Egypt used vaginal suppositories as a method of contraception (Hearthstone Communications, 2007). As for men in Ancient Egypt, in 1000 BC they used fabric condoms both to protect themselves from disease (which is believed to be the primary reason) and avoid having undesired children. Women used celery seed as an oral contraceptive, as a recipe written in the Berlin Papyrus from Egypts Nineteenth Dynasty (1300 BC) advices (Riddle, 1999). As concerns Ancient Greece, by the 2nd century CE, gynecologist Soranus developed a theory that female fertility was limited to ovulation period; however, he made an incorrect assumption that ovulation happened during menstruation, not before it. Yet the origins of the rhythm method that is still practiced nowadays and is proven to be effective (although not as effective as condoms or other newer methods) can be traced back to those times. Soranus also promoted a variety of ineffective quasi-scientific methods, such as holding the breath and drawing the body back during the intercourse to prevent the sperm from penetrating the mouth of the uterus, jumping backwards seven times after sex to dislodge the sperm by, or sitting down on bent knees to cause sneezing. Regrettably, some advices by Sofranus were not only inefficient but also detrimental to women’s health, like an advice to drink the water that blacksmiths used to cool hot metals (Nottingham, n/d). Squirting cucumber and pomegranate were other methods used, and, as recent animal tests show, they had a contraceptive effect (Riddle, 1999). While the aforementioned methods are connected to female contraception in Ancient Greece, men were also experimenting with some methods of birth control to avoid having illegitimate or undesirable children. Aristotle believed that homosexual relations could be regarded as a population control method. Two methods that are still used nowadays and can be described as having a limited degree of reliability were coitus reservatus (withholding ejaculation) and coitus interruptus (ejaculating outside the vagina) (Nottingham, n/d). Speaking of Ancient Rome, females also used a variety of ineffective methods that were, in fact, mere superstitions, like wearing a leather pouch with a cats liver on their left foot during the intercourse or spitting in the mouth of a frog three times. The Roman men wore condoms made of animal intestine (Nottingham, n/d). Both in Ancient Greece and Rome, the juice of the silphium plant was a commonly used method of oral contraception that enjoyed a certain degree of effectiveness. Women had to take it once a month. However, the plant grew in one place in Cyrene and was extinct by the 1st century CE because of over-harvesting and failure to cultivate it in other places, although attempts to do so were persistent. This plant is believed to be one of the most effective contraceptives used in the ancient times, as the contemporary research shows: ‘Modern researchers tested plants of the same genus (Ferula) and found anti-fertility effects ran in the family. Crude alcohol extracts of asafetida and a related plant (Ferula orientalis) were found to inhibit implantation of fertilized eggs in rats by 40% (asafetida) and 50% (F. orientalis)’ (Zeus, 2007, para. 5). Another method of female contraception was prolonged breast feeding, which can prevent ovulation, sometimes until a child was three years old (Nottingham, n/d). Therefore, it is possible to conclude that there was a variety of contraception methods known in the Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Some of these methods were relatively reliable and are still practiced nowadays (like the rhythm method or interrupted coitus), whilst others were based on mere superstitions and had zero effectiveness or involved practices harmful for women’s health. References Chauhan, J. History of Contraception. 2003. November 12, 2007. mcmaster.ca/health/hwc/Student%20Writers/hx_contraception.htm Habiger, P. Early History: Menstruation, Menstrual Hygiene and Womans Health in Ancient Egypt. 1998. November 12, 2007. mum.org/germnt5.htm Hearthstone Communications Ltd. Birth Control Guide. 2007. November 12, 2007. epigee.org/guide/ Nottingham, V. History of Female Contraception. N/d. November 12, 2007. medhunters.com/articles/historyOfFemaleContraception.html Nottingham, V. History of Male Contraception. N/d. November 12, 2007. medhunters.com/articles/historyOfMaleContraception.html Riddle, J. M. Eves Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Zeus, S. The Ancient Worlds ‘Birth Control Pill.’ 2007. November 12, 2007. sisterzeus.com/Silphio.htm

Definition of and Examples of Words With a Glottal Stop

Definition of and Examples of Words With a Glottal Stop In phonetics, a glottal stop is a stop sound made by rapidly closing the vocal cords. Arthur Hughes et al. describe the glottal stop as a form of plosive  in which the closure is made by bringing the vocal folds together, as when holding ones breath (the glottis is not a speech organ, but the space between the vocal folds) (English Accents and Dialects, 2013). The term is also called a  glottal plosive. In Authority in Language (2012), James and Lesley Milroy point out that the glottal stop appears in limited phonetic contexts. For example, in many  dialects of English it  can be heard as a variant of the /t/ sound between vowels and at the ends of words, such as  metal, Latin,  bought, and cut  (but not ten, take, stop, or left). The use of the glottal stop in place of another sound is called glottalling. The glottal stop is inside us all, says David Crystal, part of our phonetic ability as human beings, waiting to be put to use. We use one every time we cough. (The Stories of English, 2004) Glottal Stop Examples and Observations Glottal stops are made quite frequently in English, although we rarely notice them because they do not make a difference in the meaning of English words...English speakers usually insert a glottal stop before initial vowels, like in the words it, ate, and ouch. If you say these words naturally, you will probably feel a catch in your throat just as you [do] in the expression uh-oh.(T. L. Cleghorn and N. M. Rugg, Comprehensive Articulatory Phonetics: A Tool for Mastering the Worlds Languages, 2nd ed., 2011) Glottalization   Glottalization is a general term for any articulation involving a simultaneous constriction, especially a glottal stop. In English, glottal stops are often used in this way to reinforce a voiceless plosive at the end of a word, as in what?(David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 1997) words: light, flight, put, take, make, trip, reportmultisyllabic words: stoplight, apartment, backseat, assortment, workload, upbeatphrases: right now, talk back, cook the books, hate mail, fax machine, back-breaking Uhs We often make this stop- its the sound we make when we say uh-oh. In some languages, this is a separate consonant sound, but in English, we often use it with d, t, k, g, b or p when one of those sounds happens at the end of a word or syllable...We close the vocal cords very sharply and make the air stop for just a moment. We dont let the air escape. This glottal stop is the last sound of these words: You also hear it in words and syllables that end in t a vowel n. We dont say the vowel at all, so we say the t n: button, cotton, kitten, Clinton, continent, forgotten, sentence.(Charlsie Childs, Improve Your American English Accent, 2004) Changing Pronunciations Nowadays younger speakers of many forms of British English have glottal stops at the ends of words such as cap, cat, and back. A generation or so ago speakers of BBC English would have regarded such a pronunciation as improper, almost as bad as producing a glottal stop between vowels in the London Cockney pronunciation of butter...In America, nearly everybody has a glottal stop in button and bitten.(Peter Ladefoged, Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., 2005)

Evaluation of legal and ethical impacts on quality and access to Research Paper - 1

Evaluation of legal and ethical impacts on quality and access to patient care in managed care practices - Research Paper Example f both state and federal standards with regards to the healthcare industry and by analyzing the key trends that exist within the industry as a function of seeking to hire or contract legal expertise and advice to the requesting entity (Lynk et al 2008). Such an understanding is useful for the purpose of this proposed research due to the fact that the author hopes that by proving that a verifiable link exists between the level of legal representation within the industry and the level and quality of care provided, the researcher will be able to demonstrably prove that this is a key determinant within healthcare and its overall improvement and offerings to the end consumer; both within specialized fields such as secondary care and elsewhere. Similarly, the second work of scholarship that this brief analysis has chosen to review is that of the National Academy of Sciences, â€Å"Legal Issues in Quality of Care Oversight in the United States: Recent Developments†. As such, the piece seeks to track the level of legal changes that are manifesting themselves throughout the United States while at the same time seeking to analyze how, if at all, these changes are providing for an increase or decrease in the quality of care (Jost 2003). As a means of measuring this, the authors set out to approach the issue from both a legal requirement standpoint as well as one of economic sustainability; much the same as the one which has been utilized in the first article that has been reviewed. It is of course the intention of this author that this piece, as well as the proceeding piece will help to draw specific levels of analysis with regards to the levels that current and past legal obligations and their subsequent implementations within the field of healthcare have affected the quality of care provided. It should be further noted that the authors of these pieces have stated that the economics of further regulation and legal obligations that the current environment necessarily

Non-Profit Organization and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Non-Profit Organization and Management - Essay Example At-risk youth have lost the sense of opportunity and possibility awaiting them in adulthood due to destructive attitudes and habits, as well as repeated academic failure and, to accomplish their objectives, the youth should be nurtured and mentored in an inclusive, caring environment, which promotes personal respect. Future Hope is a programme borne as a direct response to increased numbers of youth involved in the youth justice system and school disturbances. Thus, the programme’s goal is to identify young people turbulently transitioning into being adults. The goal, despite having several focus areas, is the same and this is to empower youth to positively alter their livelihoods. Primarily focused on secondary and primary school students, Future Hope projects that 50% of the students in the system are set to join secondary school within 3 years. Because of the especially problematic nature of this age-group, mentoring at this time would be perfect timing and most effective. This paper will seek to make a business case for starting a youth mentoring program called Future Hope, aimed at youth in primary and secondary school. Taking part in youth organizations benefits the youth, as well as the community they live in. Apart from providing young people with a forum to effectively and fully deal with important issues, including education and violence, such youth organizations also benefits the youth by allowing them to be part of a group that helps them develop interpersonal and personal skills (Milton, 2011: p39). In addition, it also helps young people to gain self-esteem and self-confidence, reduce the risk that they will take part in unsafe activities like drug abuse, develop job skills, attain opportunities for leadership, avoid negative per pressure, and to develop a strong support network.

Therese Raquin Essay Example for Free

Therese Raquin Essay Therese Raquin 39 jelenamlt Simple Mayan mathematics The Mayans had a very sophisticated number system. The System was used and developed mainly for astrological purposes. It was a base 20 System, believed to be derived from ancient peoples counting on both their fingers and their toes, called the vigesimal systerry Today we use a base 10 system, the decimal system, meaning each place value Is equal to a power of 10, and in the vigesimal system each place value s equal to a power of 20. They also used separate numerals consisting of lines, dots, nd shells. So for example 26 is written with one dot in the venties place and one bar and one dot (6) in the ones place. Once comfortable with this concept Mayan addition and subtraction are easy. If you wanted to add 83 and 59 in Mayan numerals it would look something like this: A more complicated problem such as 478 9534 would look like this: Subtraction is done the exact same way as addition. Multiplication however. was done differently. It consisted of drawing lines that correspond to the number the counting up the number of crossings in each corner. It was very simple and easy to do. Say you were multiplying 12 and 11 you would draw ne line for the tens place in the 12 and two for the ones place in the 12 and then one line for the tens place of the II and one for the ones place. Count the number Of Crossing in the left corner and the number Of crossing in the right corner. Then add up the number Of Crossings in the bottom corner and the number Of crossings in the top corner and then from left to right (number Of left corner crossings, number you get when adding top and bottom corner crossings and the number Of right corner crossings) and this Will be your answer.

Understanding Health Risk Calculations :: Medical Medicine

Understanding Health Risk Calculations Health risks are all around us. They are present all the time, even when we sleep. Understanding our chances of being affected by one risk or another is a little like understanding our chances of winning the lottery. Numbers are often used to describe both our health risks and our chances or probability of winning the lottery, but this is where the similarity ends. When you buy a lottery ticket, your chances of winning depend on the number of possible combinations of numbers, not on whether you pick your favorite lucky numbers. Every time you buy a ticket, day after day, you have the same chance of winning, so your chance may always be, for example, one in a million. Nothing you or anyone else can do, short of cheating, can change that chance. Your chance of getting cancer from exposure to a chemical, however, like your chance of being killed in a vehicle accident, is not as easy to understand. This is because conditions that affect your chance are always changing. In the case of a vehicle accident, the road may be slippery, you or another driver may be drunk, your car or another vehicle may get a blow out at high speed, someone may fall asleep at the wheel, someone may throw a rock from an overpass, or an airplane may fall from the sky. All of these conditions and many more affect the chance of being involved in an accident. Sometimes you can control the conditions effectively, but most of the time you can't. Your chances of getting cancer from exposure to a certain chemical also depends on different circumstances or conditions. How long and the frequency at which you are exposed to a chemical, the amount or concentration, your own personal "make up" or susceptibility, and age are only a few of the variables to be considered when calculating your risk. Some of these conditions you can control, some you cannot. When a scientist calculates risks, she or he uses different types of numbers to represent different types of risks. For the risk of someone getting cancer from exposure to a certain chemical at a certain level over the course of a lifetime, there is no way to calculate an individual's exact chance. The best that a scientist can do is to calculate the chance of cancer occurring among, say, one million people.

Participative Management and Change-Oriented Leadership Essay

Fear is an emotional response to threats and danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of pain. (Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds. ). Handbook of emotions. (pp. 573-593). New York: The Guilford Press. A debilitating emotion that must be managed understood and embraced in a world that is fast becoming familiar with the successes enjoyed by those whose human component is its capital. When did we last take interest in knowing the expressed culture of the company, its leadership and components? What we know now is, we too must be going through this, and it is the same urge that brings us to the table to open a channel of communication that could possibly address how we can all move forward with understanding, sensitivity and optimism in creating change that will benefit both HTI and its human resource asset. More and more structured organizations find the need to shift to become a people-focused management style to improve retention and ensure that changes of any kind is managed rather more successfully. Loyalty influences retention and retention contributes to growth. As a recognized leader in the industry, our upper hand in staying on top will always be dependent on the pillars that support it. Relational leadership is a concept that is not out of reach, and as corporate leaders, it is upon us to make certain that we put in, not just the cutting edge technology ideas, or business savvy that signs contracts but the latest proven expertise in managing our human capital to keep up to the changing times, shifting lifestyles and influences there are about us. Many corporate cultures have changed the moment its leaderships changed their perspectives of how management styles/strategies, consciousness and corporate values tip the scale of profitability. Eventually, over time, loyalty not only assures retention, stability and growth for the business and the brand, its shareholders, but as well as its individual members.

Case Study: Impact of Mining

PFII/2007/WS. 3/7 Original: English UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS Division for Social Policy and Development Co-organizers Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Government of Khabarovsk Krai and the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) INTERNATIONAL EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT KHABAROVSK, RUSSIAN FEDERATION AUGUST 27. -29, 2007 Case Study on the Impacts of Mining and Dams on theEnvironment and Indigenous Peoples in Benguet, Cordillera, Philippines Paper by CORDILLERA PEOPLES ALLIANCE I. Background Land and People of Benguet The Cordillera region in Northern Luzon, Philippines, is homeland to more than 1 million indigenous peoples belonging to at least 8 distinct ethnic groups collectively known as Igorots. Two of these ethnic groups, the Ibaloy and the Kankanaey, are found in the province of Benguet, which occupies 265,538 hectares of the Cordillera r egion’s total land area of 1. million hectares. The Ibaloy people live in the southeastern portion, occupying 8 of the province’s 13 towns. The Kankanaey, meanwhile dominate the northeast areas of Benguet. Benguet’s fertile land along the rivers and gold ore in the mountains saw the emergence of distinct villages engaged in various economic activities. Gold mining communities rose in the gold-rich areas in Itogon, while gold-trading villages were established along strategic mountain passes and trails. Rice-growing villages emerged in the river valleys.Swidden farming combined with gold panning in the streams and rivers. Land ownership among the Ibaloy and Kankanaey is traditionally recognized by prior occupation, investment of labor and permanent improvements on the land, specifically irrigation systems and retaining stonewalls of the ricefields. The community shares access rights to the forests, rivers, and creeks, and the fruits of these lands and waters are o pen to those who gathered them. [1] Entry of mining, construction of dams Mining has a long history in the Philippines.Small scale mining has been practiced by Philippine peoples for at least ten centuries, and large scale mining by foreign as well as Filipino firms for about a century. Little is known, though, about mining prior to the coming of the Spanish colonialists in the 16th century. [2] Corporate mining in Benguet started during the Spanish colonial period when Spanish businessmen secured a mining concession from the Igorots in Mancayan and launched the operations of the Sociedad Minero-Metalurgica Cantabro-Filipina de Mancayan in 1856. This mine eventually closed down.When the Americans arrived in the 1900s, they entered into contracts with local families to file legal claims to mineral-bearing land. These claims were later used by American prospectors to create the mining companies that would dominate the mining industry in Benguet. These were Benguet Corporation, Atok Bi g Wedge, Itogon-Suyoc Mines and Lepanto Consolidated. [3] In the 1950s, the Agno River in Benguet was tapped as a source of hydropower. The first dam to be built along the Agno River was the Ambuklao Dam, followed by the Binga Dam.Twelve (12) other run-of-river mini-hydros, all privately operated, were also built in other parts of Benguet. In the 1980s, widespread people’s resistance forced the Marcos government and the World Bank to give up its plans for major dam projects in the region. However, the Ramos government took advantage of the energy crisis in the 1990s and initiated with Japanese funding, the construction of the San Roque Multipurpose Project. The San Roque dam is the third dam to be built along the Agno River, located in the boundary between Benguet and Pangasinan province of Central Luzon. 4] II. Mining Operations, Dams and Impacts on the Indigenous Peoples of Benguet Mines and Dams Present in Benguet The province of Benguet has hosted 14 mining companies sinc e corporate mining started in 1903. Some of these mines have closed down while others have continued. Presently operating in Benguet are two large mines using high technology for large-scale mineral extraction. These are the Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company (operating for 70 years) and the Philex Mining Corporation (operating since 1955).Benguet Corporation, the oldest mining company in the country, abandoned its operations in 1997 after mining for almost a century. The abandoned open pit mine site, underground tunnels, waste dump sites, mill, diversion tunnels and tailings dams in Itogon still remain today. The company now has ongoing contract mining arrangements with small scale miners. Itogon-Suyoc mines closed down in 1997, but is now negotiating with foreign investors to reopen its mines. In addition, new mining explorations and applications are now coming into other parts of Benguet with renewed efforts by the government to invite foreign investments.These applications of v arious kinds, numbering 138, are found in all 13 municipalities of the province covering 147,618. 9 hectares or 55. 7% of the province’s total land area. This figure is aside from the area already covered by past and existing mines. Thus we have a situation where most of the total land area of Benguet is covered by past, ongoing and future mining operations. Accompanying mining operations is the construction of tailings dams needed to contain the mine wastes. These tailings dams were built across the river beds in various parts of Benguet.However, most tailings dams are not leak proof and have not been strong enough to withstand torrential currents during the typhoon season, and the major earthquake that rocked Northern Luzon in 1990. Through the years, tailings dams in Benguet have proved incapable of containing the volume of tailings that came from the mills. Time and again, these tailings have breached their dams. Benguet Corporation constructed 5 tailings dams. Lepanto ha s 5 tailings dams, 2 of which collapsed. Philex has 3 tailings dams, 2 of which collapsed in 1992 and 1994. In 2001, tailings breached another Philex dam.Itogon-Suyoc has 1 tailings dam that collapsed in 1994. Thus we have a situation where burst, broken, weak and leaking tailings dams dot the major river systems of the province – the Abra River, Agno River, Antamok River and Bued River. Another concern is the series of three mega hydroelectric dams built along the Agno River – the Ambuklao, Binga and San Roque dams – that block the river flow to generate electricity. The power generated by these dams has gone to supply the power needs of the mining companies as well as the overall power demand of the Luzon Grid.However, Ambuklao and Binga dams are dying and no longer fully operational, crippled by the voluminous silt that has accumulated in the reservoirs, upstream and beyond. The San Roque dam, which has the generating capacity of 345 megawatts, is now generat ing only 18 megawatts. Impacts of Mines and Dams The combination of mines and dams in Benguet has had devastating impacts on the environment and on the Kankanaey and Ibaloy people in the province. These impacts have not only caused serious environmental destruction and suffering for the affected communities, but have also violated the collective rights of the indigenous peoples.As proven by the experience of the Benguet indigenous peoples, large-scale corporate mining and dams destroy, pollute, disrupt agricultural economies, and displace indigenous peoples. 1. Land destruction, subsidence and water loss Corporate mining in Benguet is done by surface mining as well as underground tunneling and block caving. Also significant are other surface excavations by the mining companies for the installation of facilities, such as portals for deep mining, lumber yards, ore trains, mills, tailings ponds, power houses, mine administration offices, and employee housing. 5] Open pit mining is the most destructive as it requires removing whole mountains and excavation of deep pits. Generally, open pits need to be very big – sometimes more than 2. 5 kilometres long. In order to dig these giant holes, huge amounts of earth need to be moved, forests cleared, drainage systems diverted, and large amounts of dust let loose. According to the Benguet Corporation, â€Å"Any open-pit mining operation, by the very nature of its method, would necessarily strip away the top soil and vegetation of the land. [6] Sure enough, open-pit mining in Itogon by Benguet Corporation has removed whole mountains and entire villages from the land surface. After exhausting the gold ore, the open pit in Itogon is now abandoned as the company has shifted to other economic ventures like water privatization. Not known to many, Philex also practices open pit mining in Camp 3, Tuba, Benguet, presently affecting 98 hectares of land. The affected area is continuously expanding as the open pit mine operat ions of Philex continue. The land damage has displaced homes and communities and caused the people to lose their lands.Meanwhile, underground block-caving operations by Philex and Lepanto have induced surface subsidence and ground collapse. In Mankayan, where Lepanto is operating, the land surface in populated areas is sinking, causing damage to buildings, farms and property. In July 1999, Pablo Gomez, a villager in Mankayan, was killed when he was suddenly swept away in a landslide along with the Colalo Primary School building. 71 million cubic feet of earth gave way beneath him, covering and destroying 14 hectares of farming land. [7]Aside from land subsidence, the water tables have also subsided as deep mining tunnels and drainage tunnels disrupt groundwater paths. Tunneling often leads to a long-term lowering of the water table. In 1937, a disaster hit Gumatdang, Itogon’s oldest rice-producing village. Atok-Big Wedge drove in two gigantic tunnels on opposite sides of the village, immediately draining the water from its most abundant irrigation sources. In 1962, Benguet Corporation drove in another drainage tunnel that stretched between its Kelly mine in Gumatdang and its mines in Antamok.Instead of just draining water from the mines, the tunnel drained the water from a major irrigation source, drying up ricefields. Ventilation shafts have also drawn water away from surface streams, irrigation canals, and pondfields. In addition, the felling of timber to shore up underground tunnels has denuded surrounding watersheds, aggravating water loss. [8] Not only does mining cause water subsidence, it also deprives farming communities of much-needed water. The industry requires large volumes of water for mining, milling and waste disposal.Mining companies have privatized numerous natural water sources in Itogon and Mankayan for the purpose. Now, the people in many mining-affected communities have to buy water for drinking and domestic use from outside sources through water delivery trucks, or by lining up for hours in the few remaining water sources to fill up a gallon of water. 2. Pollution of Water and Soil Open-pit and underground bulk mining by Philex in Tuba and Lepanto in Mankayan generate ore and tailings at a rate of up to 2,500 metric tons per mine per day. 9] Toxic mine tailings are usually impounded in tailings dams. However, when pressure in the tailings dams builds up, especially during times of heavy rainfall, the mining companies drain their tailings dams of water or face the risk of having the dams burst or collapse. In either case, the tailings eventually find their way out, polluting the water and silting up the rivers and adjacent lands. People of Mankayan remember the Abra River before the mine. It was deep and narrow, just 5 meters wide, full of fish and surrounded by verdant rice paddies.Now there is a wide gorge of barren land on either side of the polluted river. Fruit trees and animals have died from the poisone d water and rice crops are stunted. [10] When Lepanto started operations in 1936, the company dumped mine tailings and waste straight into the river. It was only in the 1960’s that the first tailings dam was built. The dam was abandoned after less than 10 years and the land became unsuitable for agriculture. Tailings dam 2 was constructed in the 1970s. Its collapse caused the contamination of nearby ricefields.Tailings Dam 3 and a diversion tunnel gave way in 1986 during a strong typhoon. Another spillway collapsed after a typhoon in 1993. The spilled tailings encroached on riverbanks and destroyed ricefields downstream. They also caused the riverbed to rise and the polluted water to backflow into other tributaries of the Abra River. [11] An Environmental Investigative Mission (EIM) in September 2002 indictaed that heavy metal content (lead, cadmium and copper) was elevated in the soil and waters downstream from the Lepanto mine.Water samples from the Abra River were found to have low level pH (acidic) capable of solubilizing heavy metals. One resident who used gravel taken from the Mankayan River for construction of his house reported that the steel bar reinforcements were corroded after a few months. The same EIM report revealed dissolved oxygen readings at the CIP Mill Outlet and at Tailings Dam 5A to be below 2 mg/L. Aquatic life cannot survive in conditions where dissolved oxygen is below 2 mg/L.Sulfuric acid is also believed to be the cause of the â€Å"rotten eggs† smell that residents report when mine tailings are released into the Mankayan River during heavy rainfall. Another concern is the high amount of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) found at various points of the Mankayan River downstream from Tailings Dam 5A. [12] Abandoned mine sites like Benguet Corporation and Itogon-Suyoc Mines in Itogon have long-term damaging impacts on rivers and their surrounding fields because of the build up of acidic mine wat er.Acid mine drainage comes from both surface and underground mine workings, waste rock, tailings piles and tailings ponds. [13] Pollution of this kind can continue long after a mine is closed or abandoned, and the water that leaches into the ecosystem is frequently acidic, killing rivers and posing health risks to local communities. [14] 3. Siltation Siltation of rivers is a serious problem in Benguet resulting from mining operations and dam construction. The Ambuklao and Binga dams are stark examples of the detrimental impacts of siltation and megadams on rivers.The steadily rising level of silt in the dam reservoirs and along the Agno River upstream of the dams is covering a wider and wider area around the dams and continues to destroy more and more rice fields. In the case of the Ambuklao dam, the communities of Bangao and Balacbac were located far above the predicted water level of the dam and 17 kilometers away from the predicted edge of the reservoir. These two communities ar e now inundated because of the rising water level and accumulation of silt upstream along the Agno River. Government authorities dismiss the increasing siltation as a natural phenomenon.However, the Ibaloy people know that the dams are the real culprit. The farmlands and communities were never affected by silt before the dams were built despite storms and earthquakes. The dams blocked the free flow of water and silt down to the lowlands. Silt deposits built up in the dam reservoir and blocked oncoming silt that receded backwards upstream, swamping and inundating all farmlands and communities within reach. [15] In the case of the Philex, a tailings dam collapsed in 1992, releasing some 80 million tons of tailings and causing heavy siltation in the irrigation system downstream.The company paid Php5 million to the affected farmers. Again, during a typhoon in 2001, another tailings dam of Philex collapsed. Ricefields in San Manuel and Binalonan, Pangasinan, were buried in toxic silt a m eter deep. This time, Philex refused to admit responsibility for the disaster putting the blame on nature. [16] In the case of Lepanto, the downstream impact of tailings disposal is that along a 25-kilometer stretch of the Abra River, some 465 hectares of riceland have been washed out. [17] Further, Lepanto’s claim that Tailings Dam 5A is actually helping to contain siltation is deceiving.The high level of TDS and TSS from the CIP Mill Outlet up to Tailings Dam 5A indicates that the silt originates from company operations and is not due to natural siltation. [18] 4. Serious health problems due to water, soil and air pollution Contamination of water, soil and air contributes to increased toxic build-up in people’s bodies. Asthma and other respiratory problems often affect local communities as well as mine workers. When people’s health deteriorates, their ability to work and earn money is reduced even further. The old and the young are particularly vulnerable. [19 ]In 1985, a copper ore dryer was installed by Lepanto. The copper dryer affected the 3 barangays of Paco, Colalo and Cabiten in Mankayan. Local residents complained of abnormal withering of crops, sickness and death of domestic animals and high incidence of respiratory ailments. The company was forced to close down the dryer in the face of people’s opposition. [20] The most common symptoms felt by residents of Mankayan who have inhaled chemical fumes emanating from the mine are: headache, dizziness, cough, chest pain, nasal and eye irritation. Other symptoms reported are itching of the skin, rashes and diarrhea.Some residents report that wounds take longer to heal when exposed to the water of the Abra River. Because of past adverse reactions, people avoid contact with the river water. They do not allow children to bathe in the river. Nor do they let their animals drink from it. Incidence of cancer is a cause for further study as it is among the top 3 causes of mortality in so me affected communities. [21] Women are primarily responsible for maintaining the health of the family and the community. As such, women have to carry the burden of ill health arising from environmental destruction and pollution due to mining operations.At the height of the open pit mine and mill in Itogon, some pregnant women suffered miscarriage, while others experienced diseases of the skin, respiratory tract and blood when exposed to toxic fumes emanating from the mill. The drying up of natural water sources in another contributory factor in the poor health and sanitation in the community. [22] 5. Loss of Flora, Fauna, Biodiversity, and food insecurity The drainage area of the Abra River is home to about 1689 species of plants belonging to 144 families, including 177 species of orchids in 47 genera. More than half (51. %) of the plants found within the area are classified as endemics with 60. 7% of all the orchids classified as such. Benguet has the highest plant species diversi ty within the river basin area compared to other provinces. The EIM conducted in September 2002 noted gross differences between the waterways located directly below the Lepanto mining operations and tributaries originating from sources elsewhere. When the company started a fishpond in March 2001, all the fingerlings died after only 4 days. Aquatic organisms like udang (shrimp) and igat (eel) are reportedly becoming rare.Residents observed fish disease and deformities, aside from a drop in the fish catch. Fishkills occur every rainy season, attributed to the release of water from the tailings dams by the company. The loss in aquatic life is a major change in the life support system of the communities who rely on the river for daily food. Not only are livelihood sources affected, but so is the general biodiversity damaged, causing breakdowns in the food web. Once-common birds and tree species have disappeared. Among the bird species reported now to be rarely seen are: pagaw, tuklaw an d kannaway.Trees such as the kamantires and burbala were also identified to be no longer in significant quantities. [23] 6. Dislocation of Indigenous People from Ancestral Land and Traditional Livelihoods Large-scale corporate mining and dams have dislocated the indigenous Kankanaey and Ibaloy people from their ancestral lands and traditional livelihoods. Dams have caused the loss of ancestral lands to inundation and siltation. Descendants of families displaced by dams have been reduced to illegal occupants in the dam’s watershed areas or settlers in land owned by others.Mining patents granted by the government to mining companies have denied indigenous communities of their rights to ownership and control over their ancestral lands and resources. In terms of livelihood, mining concessions have taken over lands used by indigenous peoples for their traditional livelihoods – ricefields, vegetable gardens, swiddens, hunting and grazing livestock. Rice fields along riverban ks have been damaged by siltation. Garden cultivators have lost their crops to surface subsidence. Traditional small scale miners have lost their pocket mines and gold panning sites to the big mines and dams.Some communities have lost entire mountainsides, burial sites and hunting grounds to ground collapse and deep open pits. Traditional fishing is no longer possible in polluted rivers, replaced by commercial fishponds in dam reservoirs. An additional impact is the violation of the collective rights of the indigenous Kankanaey and Ibaloy people of their collective rights to self-determination and cultural integrity as they are displaced from the land and community that is the basis of their continued existence and identity.III. People’s Alternatives People’s alternatives to corporate mining and dams and indigenous systems of sustainable resource utilization and management can be found in indigenous communities in the Cordillera. The Ibaloy and Kankanaey people of Beng uet continue to practice traditional small-scale mining till today. Traditional methods of pocket-mining and gold panning are crude but environment-friendly and have been passed down through generations since the 16th century.Small-scale mining is a community affair and access to resources is defined by customary laws, characterized by equitable sharing, cooperation and community solidarity. Men, women, children and the elderly each have a role to play in the extraction and processing of the ore. They extract only enough gold to meet their basic necessities and receive their share of the gold based on an equitable sharing system. However, as communities are deprived of their land and resources, these traditional small-scale mining methods and positive values are now under threat of vanishing.An alternative source of energy are microhydro dams as opposed to megadams. The experience of the micro-hydro project (MHP) of the Chapyusen Mangum-uma Organization (CMO) in the Cordillera prove s the viability of a community-based and community-owned power system to provide energy for lighting, rice milling, sugar pressing, blacksmithing and carpentry. The MHP has built up the people’s capacity to develop their own local resources while ensuring affordable access of poor households to electricity.It also became an opportunity for the people to improve their organization by participating in all phases of project implementation. The observance of ubfo or the traditional system of labor exchange in community mobilization has had a positive outcome by restoring traditional cooperative practices and the free utilization and exchange of individual skills towards a common objective. [24] IV. Recommendations The experience of the Kankanaey and Ibaloy people brings to a fore the need for changes in the development paradigm and policies affecting indigenous peoples.The following recommendations, arising from various reports and fact-finding missions, are forwarded for conside ration by the United Nations, by international financial institutions, mining and dam companies and national governments: 1. The international community should develop minimum standards for the protection of the environment and human rights that are binding on all countries and companies, based on the highest existing standards, and with effective monitoring and sanctions imposed on the offending parties, be it the national government, funding institutions, or the companies. . There exists the Akwe:Kon voluntary guidelines, developed under the Convention of Biological Diversity, for the conduct of cultural, environmental and social impact assessments regarding developments proposed to take place on, or which are likely to impact on sacred sites and on lands and waters traditionally occupied or used by indigenous and local communities.These guidelines should be made binding rather than voluntary and could be adopted as a minimum standard by international financial institutions and na tional governments when implementing development projects affecting indigenous peoples. 3. Countries that are home to transnational companies should enact legislation that will require those companies to operate using the same standards wherever they operate in the world.Home countries whose nationals and corporate entities inflict damage in developing countries, particularly on indigenous peoples, should impose some form of penalty on the offending parties. 4. An international system should be created to allow complaints to be filed by affected indigenous communities against companies, governments and financial institutions whose development programs and interventions violate the rights of ownership and control by indigenous peoples over their ancestral land, territories and resources and cause serious destruction of the environment. . In the case of Benguet where the indigenous people have already suffered and will continue to suffer enormous damage to their lands and environment due to the long-term impacts of mining and dams, proper and immediate compensation and reparation should be provided to all affected people to include adequate monetary compensation, sustainable livelihood, alternative land, employment and other sources of regular income. A program for the restoration and rehabilitation of lands and waters destroyed by mines and dams should also be implemented. . Past experience has shown that no monetary compensation nor livelihood project could replace or surpass the destroyed ancestral land and traditional livelihoods of affected indigenous peoples. The solution to restoring the living quality and to stop the permanent destruction of the environment is to stop destructive large-scale corporate mining and decommission unviable tailings dams and megadams. Alternatives such as chemical-free traditional small scale mining methods and community-based microhydros need to be promoted and supported. . National legislation and policy on the liberalization of mining and the energy industry need to be reviewed and revised as these have proven detrimental to indigenous peoples in different parts of the country. A new mining policy should support the Filipino people’s efforts towards nationalist industrialization and ensure the creation of jobs, food security, a stable economy, mitigation of environmental degradation, and environmental rehabilitation. ———————– [1] Jacqueline K. Carino. Case Study. WCD. 2000 [2] APIT Tako.Mining in Philippine History [3] APIT Tako. Mining in Philippine History [4] Cordillera Peoples Alliance. December 2002. Cordillera Hydropower Projects and the Indigenous Peoples [5] APITTAKO [6] Christian Aid and PIPLinks. Breaking Promises, making profits. Mining in the Philippines. UK. Dec. 2004 [7] CA and PIPLinks [8] APIT TAKO. Mining In Philippine History: Focus On The Cordillera Experience. Paper presented to the United Nations Economic and Social Cou ncil’s Commission on Human Rights during its Transnational Extractive Industries Review.December 2001 and revised March 2002. [9] APIT Tako. [10] CA and PIPLinks. [11] Save the Abra River Movement (STARM). What is Happening to the Abra River? A Primer on the Effects of Corporate Mining on the Abra River System. September 2003. [12] STARM [13] STARM [14] CA and PIPLinks [15] Jacqueline K. Carino. A case Study of the Ibaloy People and the Agno River Basin, Province of Benguet, Philippines. Presented during the Consultation on Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities. Geneva, Switzerland. August 1999) [16] Croft 17] APIT TAKO. [18] STARM [19] CA and PIPILinks [20] STARM [21] STARM [22] Jill K. Carino and Cornelia Ag-agwa. The Situation of Mining in the Cordillera Region, Philippines and its Impact on Land Rights and Indigenous Women. Paper presented during the Second International Conference on Women and Mining. Bolivia. 2000 [23] STARM. [24] Hapit, The Official Publicatio n of the Cordillera Peoples Alliance. 3rd Quarter 2005. A basic Service to the People: The Chapyusen Micro-Hydro Project ———————– [pic]

How to Write a Good Philosophy Essay

How to Write a Good Philosophy Essay How to Write a Good Philosophy Essay A powerful philosophy essay begins with choosing a proper topic and general outlining. If you are not limited in the topic selection by your tutor, you are free to choose any topic that is interesting to you. This will allow for deep exploration into the details of the topic as well as viewing the topic from different angles. The main thing with philosophy essay writing is creating the dialectical connection between an argument against an issue and clear evidence for it. Thus, once you are ready with your topic, you may begin searching for a reasonable argument and providing the grounds for it. In addition, composing an outline is helpful at the initial stage of the writing process. An outline will help you trace important aspects about the subject and sift through trivial ones. After composing the outline (or draft) of your philosophy essay, you will need to proceed with the main stage of the writing procedure – filling in the appropriate content. You will need to find the most persuasive and logical reasons to support your argument. A poorly worded argument is no good to your philosophy essay. There is also one thing about the writing process that you need to bear in mind. While presenting the argument, your first task is to avoid coming across as if your point of view was the only one possible. You are to write straightforward and clearly, but do allow your readers to hold their own opinions. The audience is free to accept your position or reject it, once it is expressed in your essay. Philosophy essay writing skills include careful consideration and thorough analysis skills that are to be mastered gradually. The best way to become good at writing excellent philosophy essays is continually practicing. The style and structure of the philosophy essay are also of great importance. Try to use your own style of narration and independent way of thinking, while composing the philosophy essay. This will help you avoid clichà ©s and overused phrases in the essay. A simple and obvious structure will make your essay even more effective. In addition, try reading the completed essay to your parents or friends; they will point out its drawbacks and express their feedback which can be really helpful for you. As soon as the essay writing process is finished, you will need to spend additional time on the paper proofreading and editing. You should do your best to â€Å"polish† the essay and eliminate grammar, punctuation, and style mistakes as well as possible misprints. In this case, your philosophy essay will be academically sound and professional, and this makes a favorable impression on the readers. Do you need Philosophy essay help from professionals? Just try our custom essay writing company now.

A Closer Look at Alice Munros Short Story Runaway

A Closer Look at Alice Munros Short Story Runaway Runaway,  by the Nobel Prize-winning Canadian author Alice Munro, tells the story of a young woman who refuses a chance to escape a bad marriage. The story debuted in the August 11, 2003,  issue of The New Yorker. It also appeared in Munros 2004 collection by the same name. You can ​read the story for free on The New Yorkers website. Multiple Runaways Runaway people, animals, and emotions abound in the story. The wife, Carla, is twice a runaway. When she was 18 and college-bound, she ran off to marry her husband, Clark, against her parents  wishes and has been estranged from them since. And now, getting on a bus to Toronto, she runs away a second time- this time from Clark. Carlas beloved white goat, Flora, also appears to be a runaway, having inexplicably disappeared shortly before the start of the story. (By the end of the story, though, it seems likely that Clark has been trying to get rid of the goat all along.) If we think of runaway  as meaning out of control  (as in runaway train),  other examples come to mind in the story. First, there is Sylvia Jamiesons runaway emotional attachment to Carla (what Sylvias friends describe dismissively as an inevitable crush on a girl). There is also Sylvias runaway involvement in Carlas life, pushing her along a path that Sylvia imagines is best for Carla, but which she is, perhaps, not ready for or doesnt really want. Clark and Carlas marriage seems to be following a runaway trajectory. Finally, there is Clarks runaway temper, carefully documented early in the story, that threatens to become truly dangerous when he goes to Sylvias house in the night to confront her about encouraging Carlas departure. Parallels Between Goat and Girl Munro describes the goats behavior in ways that mirror Carlas relationship with Clark. She writes: At first she had been Clark’s pet entirely, following him everywhere, dancing for his attention. She was as quick and graceful and provocative as a kitten, and her resemblance to a guileless girl in love had made them both laugh. When Carla first left home, she behaved much in the starry-eyed manner of the goat. She was filled with giddy delight  in her pursuit of a more authentic kind of life  with Clark. She was impressed by his good looks, his colorful employment history, and everything about him that ignored her. Clarks repeated suggestion that Flora might have just gone off to find herself a billy  obviously parallels Carlas running away from her parents to marry Clark. Whats especially troubling about this parallel is that the first time Flora disappears, she is lost but still alive. The second time she disappears, it seems almost certain that Clark has killed her. This suggests that Carla is going to be in a much more dangerous position for having returned to Clark. As the goat matured, she changed alliances. Munro writes, But as she grew older she seemed to attach herself to Carla, and in this attachment, she was suddenly much wiser, less skittish- she seemed capable, instead, of a subdued and ironic sort of humor. If Clark has, in fact, killed the goat (and it seems likely he has),  it is symbolic of his commitment to killing off any of Carlas impulses to think or act independently- to be anything but the guileless girl in love  who married him. Carla’s Responsibility Though Clark is clearly presented as a murderous, stultifying force, the story also places some of the responsibility for Carlas situation on Carla herself. Consider the way Flora allows Clark to pet her, even though he may have been responsible for her original disappearance and is probably about to kill her. When Sylvia tries to pet her, Flora puts her head down as if to butt. Goats are unpredictable,  Clark tells Sylvia. They can seem tame but they’re not really. Not after they grow up.  His words seem to apply to Carla, as well. She has behaved unpredictably, siding with Clark, who was causing her distress, and butting  Sylvia by exiting the bus and forgoing the escape Sylvia has offered. For Sylvia, Carla is a girl who needs guidance and saving, and it is hard for her to imagine that Carlas choice to return to Clark was the choice of an adult woman. Is she grown up?  Sylvia asks Clark about the goat. She looks so small. Clarks answer is ambiguous: She’s as big as she’s ever going to get.  This suggests that Carlas being grown up  might not look like Sylvias definition of grown up.  Eventually, Sylvia comes to see Clarks point. Her letter of apology to Carla even explains that she made the mistake of thinking somehow that Carlas freedom and happiness were the same thing. Clarks Pet Entirely On first reading, you might expect that just as the goat shifted alliances from Clark to Carla, Carla, too, might have changed alliances, believing more in herself and less in Clark. Its certainly what Sylvia Jamieson believes. And its what common sense would dictate, given the way Clark treats Carla. But Carla defines herself entirely in terms of Clark. Munro writes: While she was running away from him- now- Clark still kept his place in her life. But when she was finished running away, when she just went on, what would she put in his place? What else- who else- could ever be so vivid a challenge? And it is this challenge that Carla preserves by holding out against the temptation  to walk to the edge of the woods- to the place where she saw the buzzards- and confirm that Flora was killed there. She doesnt want to know.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT assignments 1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT assignments 1-4 - Essay Example It is an indispensable tool for the economists, investors and analysts to measure the well-being of an economy. Real GDP is different from nominal GDP as it takes into account the inflation, thus producing a better scale of measurement. 2) Define and indicate the significance of the LIBOR. What was the LIBOR at the time you completed the assignment? LIBOR is the London Interbank Offered Rate and it is the rate at which the most creditworthy banks lend funds to each other. It is considered as a benchmark rate in the major countries of the world such as US, UK and Canada. LIBOR is considered as of paramount importance in the corporate world because when the LIBOR increases it creates a financial panic, which tightens the flow of credit and erodes the trust between the banks for their ability to pay each other. In addition to that, all the credit loans such as credit card, mortgages and student loans are dependent on LIBOR therefore it has a direct impact on the consumers. It is estimat ed that $360 trillion of international financial products are based on LIBOR (Reynolds, 2010). Current LIBOR LIBOR 1-Month 3-Months 6 Months 0.26% 0.31% 0.46% Source: LIBOR, other interest rate indexes (Bankrate.com) 3) Define and indicate the significance of the prime rate.

Infant Mortality in African American Group Essay

Infant Mortality in African American Group - Essay Example This finding means that the effect of prenatal care against no prenatal care on infant mortality rates within the first year of life is not different in African American women who have delivered live infants (Minnesota Department of Health, 2013).A study done by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) revealed that infant mortality has reduced in the United States because of the decline in neonatal deaths associated with low birth weight. The report states that prenatal smoking contributes to low birth weight that in turn leads to increased infant mortality. No matter the group involved, the report observes that intensive prenatal care helps to reduce infant mortality rates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013).Abusalah (2012) agrees with the above study by stating that low birth weight is a critical factor related to infant mortality rates. Pollution from things such as smoking of various tobacco products and exposure to wood fuel smoke causes many women to gi ve birth to low weight infants whose life is at risk especially during their first year of life. As such, Abusalah (2012) states, â€Å"Health professionals who provide prenatal care have a critical role to play in raising awareness of harms from environmental smoke exposure, especially in low income communities† (Abusalah, 2012).   This shows that prenatal care goes a long way in helping reduce infant mortality. Therefore, African American mothers who are provided with better prenatal care could experience lower infant mortality.

Globalization of the clothing industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization of the clothing industry - Essay Example Moreover, movement of goods, services and capital has been made easy through globalization, and it has hugely influenced different sectors including the clothing industry. Globalization in the clothing industry is defined as the movement of textile products from one part of the world or location to the other through fashion, exhibition, apparel, showcasing or designing (Timmerman 3). It does not necessarily mean physical actions, but sharing of ideas or clothing from different parts of the world. There are numerous debates among scholars, countries, and investors on the beneficiaries and impacts of globalization in the clothing industry. Today, different fashions are available at the consumers doorstep due to globalization. Clothes produced by American firms are available in China, African and every corner of the world. In turn, it has negative and positive impacts on consumers, and domestic clothing industries. This paper will outline effects of globalization of the clothing industry on factories and employees in the United States, as well as on the consumers. Globalization of the clothing industry has provided opportunities for factories in the United States to outsource for cheaper labor from developing or emerging economies and countries. Many US clothing industries are outsourcing their marketing, manufacturing, and other duties to less developed nations, where the currency differences favor them (Timmerman 40). US companies find cheap labor because of outsourced services, and this makes them complete manufacturing at half the home or domestic price. Therefore, most US clothing companies have established manufacturing units in less developed nations such as China, Bangladesh, and India in order to produce goods at low prices. Many US factories have gained from globalization of the clothing industry, because they benefit from outsourcing thus gaining enormous profits. Similarly, globalization of the

Bilateral Relations Between the EU and China

Bilateral Relations Between the EU and China Till the 1978, Peoples Republic of China (PRC) was in self employed isolation because of two things, one was Cultural Revolution and another was the transformation of the society and economy from traditional to modern. Another factor which also played a part was the Soviet threat to China after 1958 till 1983. On the other side EU was coming out of the wars and conflicts of the first half of the 20th century and making the headway for global economic power after the economic boom from 1960-1970. Though there were trade agreements between China and EU in 1978 and in 1985, however, till the end of Cold War, relations between the EU and China were at low as latter has not given high priority to relations with former, however, globalisation, and interests in multi polar world became the factors that lead to growing bilateral relations between the two. The bilateral relations between the EU and China developed and reached to its height in 2011, when train started connecting the two mighty economic and political actors of globe through Central Asian Republics. Since the bilateral relations between the two partners are still growing but there are new issues that are need the dynamism to solve the problems, human rights violations in some parts of China, and other issues like lack of transparency in China that was highlighted by EU Ambassador at WTO in June 2012, â€Å"related to lack of transparency, which makes Chinas trade and investment policies in the words of Secretariats report â€Å"opaque and complex† (EU Ambassador to WTO, June 2012). The paper will analyse: What steps have helped the bilateral relations between the EU and China? What are the hurdles that need solutions to make the bilateral relations more powerful? The growing interdependence after the globalisation has played a role in integration of trade, finances and people and ideas that led to speed up the bilateral relations between the countries, regions etc. According to new interdependence phenomenon regional powers, countries having different forms of government came closer to each other and start and world institutions like WTO played great role in promoting the phenomenon by replacing protectionism by free trade. The interdependence at times had made so much impact that many countries adopt policies according to international norms to trade and protect ones economy. In the conference of the Interdependence and Globalisation, Secretary-General of UN said, â€Å"There are two main aspects of forging coherence in advancing the development goals in a globalizing world economy †¦ At the regional level; there is a need to broaden and deepen regional integration and to foster coherence through greater coordination of policies and th rough peer reviews While some regions have taken the necessary steps to achieve these ends, others lag Behind.†[1] Under the following back ground and arguments about to achieve the goals of necessary steps for the relations with the other countries, regions like (EU) had taken many steps and have shown dynamism for the bilateral relations and trade particularly with the Central Asian countries and China. However, some of the countries lack behind like (China) that is not a positive sign though the Chinese government have made many changes. Review of literature: There is literature available on the bilateral relations between the China and EU in the form of different journals, books, reports and conference proceedings. They give the information related to trade between the EU and China and the annual high level summit held between the two. However, most of the literature is related with the trade relations and their impact on both side but about the progress in the other social problems there is stray references. The stress is not given on the peace building capacity and conflict resolution capacity of the both partners jointly or the problems which both are facing in the bilateral relations. Last but not the least to what extent they have made the world multi polar from unipolar. As one of the recent articles published by the by the European Council on Foreign Relations argues that Europe needs a â€Å"global China policy,† meaning that it should look at its relationship with China not from a traditional bilateral perspective, but ra ther from a global perspective that takes into account indirect effects through third countries or regions (Godement, 2010). History of bilateral relations between China and EU: The bilateral relations between China and EU started after 1975 and that were further developed by the economic policy changes introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. Since 1978 China has freed itself from the self imposed isolation and integrated with the world. Not only was this but the major shifts in the world economy which had left their mark on the relations between China and various European economies. The single most important events bringing about a significant reshuffle of the European economies economic structure and the pattern of their integration into the international division of labour have been the evolution of a single European market under the auspices of the European Union and the breakdown of socialist block the ensuing transformation of the Central and East European economies into market economies (Markus: 2002). During this period many agreements on trade and bilateral relations were signed by the two like those of Trade Agreement between the EC and China followed in 1978 (Official Journal: 1978). In 1985 this agreement was replaced by the Agreement on Trade and Economic Co-operation between the EC and China. The European Commission opened its representation in Beijing in 1988, and ever since there has been a continuous deepening of economic and trade relations. Since after the opening of the economy after 1978 and especially after the fall of USSR and globalisation, Chinese economy have become the second largest economy. On the other side EU is making it headways to became the major champion of the human rights, rule of law, democracy and is expanding its membership that made the EU major player in this global world. These events make both EU and China think about their larger interests and exchange of goods and rapid development of bilateral trade. China in 2001 joined WTO that helped the both partners to come closer to each other. After 2009 when Lisbon treaty came into force and main motives of the treaty was to overhaul the basic setup of the European Union (EU) had been to make it stronger, more visible and more assertive actor on the international scene. This institutional re-structuring which followed, notably the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS) and EU delegations with global reach, was also intended to enhance the EU’s role and capacity in supporting peace processes, making relations with other countries more practical (Joris Larik, Catriona Gourlay). When Catherine Ashton was appointed to new post of High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy was welcomed by the Chinese government, as it has given China a contact at the top of the EU’s administration with whom they are already familiar through trade negotiations. Such a dynamism of both EU and China saw the fruits when the bilateral trade that in the first decade of the 21century as the EU having surpassed the United States as China’s largest trading partner ( Fox: 2009). On the one side EU has beca me the largest supplier of technology and equipment, in the form of FDI, and also a number of joint technology projects with China. Apart from the good and prospective trade relations EU-China co-operation activities are also seen in the categories of measures directed in transition process to an open society based on the rule of law; support of economic reforms; business and industrial co-operation; legal and administrative reform; human resources development; science and technology; environment and energy; regional disparities, poverty alleviation and social cohesion; academic and societal activities (Franco: 2002). Cooperation has extended to other areas, with 100,000 Chinese now studying in the EU, against 60,000 in the United States, and the Chinese invited to join in a number of European technology projects, including the Galileo satellite navigation programme (Europa press release: 2003). This co operation shows the bilateral relation between the two China and EU are reaching to the new heights and levels and can be called the emergence of a new Sinoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ European axis in world politics (Shambaugh 2004; Scott 2007). According to the statics of the 2012, the bilateral trade between the China and Europe reached to 443.6 billion Euros in which EU exports to China reached to its height â‚ ¬143.9 billion and Chinas exports to EU reached to â‚ ¬289.7 billion.[2] That means that one billion trade is done on the average between the two partners. Hurdles in the Bilateral Relations: Though the EU China bilateral relations reached to it new heights nut there are also some hurdles that created problems many time and even when Shambaugh wrote in the International Herald Tribune (26 November 2007) that â€Å"for Europe the ‘China honeymoon’ is now over†. Starting from 1989, when because of Tiananmen Square protests for more reforms towards democratic setup and its suppression lead to the death of more than 1000 persons. Though this event does not have much impact on the bilateral relations between the two but EU with USA imposes the arms embargoes in place (Franco: 2002). Also the problems like human rights violations in Tibet, Xinjiang and Carbon emissions. These issues reached to its height and created the rift between EU and Chinas bilateral relations, when latter cancelled their participation in the annual EU-China summit in retaliation against French plans to meet the Dalai Lama in December 2008. On the economic front the problems like dumping issues against China, and EUs response like increasing the anti-dumping tariffs of up to 50 percent on Chinese-made candles sold in the Europe have made bilateral relations somewhat more strangled(ROBERTO: 2010). In 2012, out of 100 fake goods captured on the European borders 64 were made in China that has created the larger problems. The other problems in the economic front are the China laws on the foreign companies that diminish the role of the EU companies and FDI. As for example EU investments in China add up to less than 2% of the total FDI abroad compared with nearly 30% in the United States.[3] The Chinese government also does not use country specific standards than international standards which EU companies fail or find hard to meet. Because of this in 2012, 45 % of EU companies have missed the business opportunities by these standards or regulatory barriers. Since these things need a solution and compromise between the two wor ld largest economies for this some of the steps have been taken by the EU and China for better prospects and better bilateral relations like. As both the EU and China have more to gain from each other than either has to lose and to overcome the issue of the human rights in China both EU and China have started dialogue from 1996 onwards one among them was on the Human rights in China (EU-China Observer, 2010). To come out of the hurdles between the two bilateral partners, they started Strategic Dialogue in 2005, held at the Vice Ministerial level and since then dialogue is held yearly for the progress and prospectus of the bilateral relations between the two and the framework of this annual dialogue covers wide range of areas. After the Lisbon treaty the dialogue is held at the direct the highest decision-making level helps maintain the strong momentum in strengthening contacts and increasing bilateral cooperation between the two partners. At the end of each summit meeting, the joint declarations reveal the new agreements reached between the two sides, which draws the blueprint and directs further the future development for EU-China relations and also serve to clarify each other’s interests and concerns. (EU-China Observer, 2010). This dialogue have given the opportunities to both the partners to known about each other’s grievances and progress on any contested issue, however, still lot has to be done in this regard. On the other side the growing the threats of terrorism to both partners in general and world in particular have became great problem to world peace. Although EU have made peace building process and conflict resolution there priority in their international relations after Lisbon treaty 2009. EU had send many peace keeping missions to Kosovo, Libya, Georgia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Niger, Palestinian territories and some military missions to Somilia, Atalnta, Bosinia, Mali. Both China and EU can start a new dialogue process with the leaders of the conflict areas for peace as both are considered neutral that can help in solving these deadly problems. Also EU and China can help the poor countries of the world for the sustainable human resource development and economic activities by investing jointly the technology and the finances in these countries. Although now the annual summits held between the two global partners on the security situation in Asia, from non-proliferation to the control of small arms and light weapons, from global warming and climate change to the fight against illegal migration and trafficking in human beings but still lot have to be done. Bibliography: Action and the External Action Service,  Algieri, Franco (2002). â€Å"EU Economic Relations with China: An Institutionalist  Perspective†, The China Quarterly, No. 169, Catriona Gourlay, The European Union as Peacemaker – Enhancing EU Mediation Capacity,  European Policy Centre, Available at: EU-China Observer, 2010, issue 5, (available online www.coleurope.eu.). Europa press release (2003) â€Å"EU and China are set to collaborate on GALILEO, the  European global system of satellite navigation†, Foa, Roberto (2010), â€Å"The EU-China Relationship†, Published in the 21st Century  International Review, Francois Godement, (2010) â€Å"A Global China Policy†, ECFR Policy Brief 22, London. Fox, John and Franà §ois Godement, (2009). â€Å"A Power Audit of EU-China Relations†,  European Council on Foreign Relations, Joris Larik, The EU on the Global Stage after the Lisbon Treaty: External Kapur, Harish (1990), Distant Neigbours: China and Europe, London, New York: Pinter  Publishers. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 123, 11 May 1978. Philip Baker, (2002)â€Å"Human Rights, Europe and the People’s Republic of China†, The China  Quarterly, (1). Scott, David (2007), China and the EU: A Strategic Axis for the Twentyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ First Century?, in:  International Relations, Vol. 21, no. 1, 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢45. Shambaugh, David (2004), China and Europe: The Emerging Axis, in: Current History, 103,  243à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢248. Taube, Markus 2000, Die chinesische Volkswirtschaft zum Jahrhundertwechsel.  Entwicklungsstandund Perspek-tiven, Zeitschriftfiir Politik, No. 1 pp. 32-53. Wu Jianmin, (2007) Waijiao Anli (Case Studies in Diplomacy), Beijing: Renmin University  Press, Yahuda, Michael B. (1994), China and Europe. The Significance of a Secondary  Relationship, in: Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (eds), Chinese Foreign Policy:  Theory and Practice, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 266à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢288 Yves Dumas, (2009) â€Å"European NGOs calls on EU to Ensure Human Rights in China Before  2008 Olympics†, The Epoch Times, 15 May EU Statement, EU Ambassador to the World Trade Organisation Angelos Pangratis, Fourth Trade Policy Review of China, 12 and 14 June 2012. [1] â€Å"Globalization and interdependence†, Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations General Assembly, 31 August 2004.Cf Martin Wolf, Globalisation and Interdependence, (Available online) [2] Facts and figures on EU-China trade, Oct, 2013; http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/ september/tradoc_144591.pdf online [3] Karel De Gucht (7 June, 2013) EU-China Investment: A Partnership of Equals, European Commissioner for Trade, Brussels