An efficient leader

An efficient leader Every organisation, be it big or small needs an efficient leader. And for an institution like Cardiff Business School, which has more than 50 taught courses and staff of more than 120, the challenges and responsibilities are even higher. Thus, the Director has to have certain specific leadership qualities. Leadership is a process of influencing others to achieve organizational goals, creating a vision for others and having the power to translate the vision in reality. A leader must be able to convince the co-workers, employees and subordinates that whatever work they will do not only affect the productivity of institution but also will help themselves. A leader needs to have a visionary approach and innovative ways of solving problems and dealing with tough situations. Leadership as described by Stogdill, 1950 is: The process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement (Buchanan). Stogdills definition has three key components: It defines leadership as an interpersonal skill in which the leader tends to modify and shape the behaviour of others. Leadership is a social context where the members of group are followers or subordinates. It emphasises the effect of leadership in the achievement of institutional goals. In the process of selection of the Director for CARBS, there are certain key factors or elements which the candidate must possess; Honesty and Integrity are amongst them, a leader whose actions back up his words and words that are congruent with his action, is a man of integrity and thus liked by all. Keeping his words and being true to his values is very necessary for the leader if he wants his subordinates to follow him and support him in his vision of success. A leader is responsible to carry out the culture of ethics and values in the institution and because he is a leader, he has to set up an example from himself first. Values and integrity for an educational institution is vital, nobody wants to wake up one with a profitable institution that does not have a soul. I consider my life worth nothing to me . . . if only I may finish the race and complete the task . . . The Disciple Paul Acts 20:22. The Director has to be a leader with a vision and well defined purpose for his team and subordinates. Working without purpose can only be defined as mindless and heartless drudgery. The leader should always have his aim, goals and objectives very clear and he should direct integrated efforts to achieve the goals. The leader must be able to make the subordinate believe that the purpose he is working for is worth contributing to and by the time it will end he will be proud of the fact that he did. Lying is done with words and also with silence. Adrienne Rich. The Director has to communicate very clearly, effectively and efficiently in order to qualify as a good leader. The best ideas of the world will go useless if they are not communicated properly. Communication also includes being a good listener, orator and having an empathetic attitude. If there was no appropriate communication of overarching ideas, mission, and vision, many of the corporate would not have existed today. In todays competitive environment, the leader has to be well versed with all varieties of communication forums. Woolfe, Lorin. The Bible on Leadership From Moses to Matthew-Management Lessons for Contemporary Leaders. New York: AMACOM/American Management Association, 2002. Print. http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_communication.html

Dr. John Henry doc Holliday :: essays research papers

On August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, John Henry Holliday was born to Henry Burroughs and Alice Jane Holliday. Their first child, Martha Eleanora, had died on June 12, 1850 at six months of age. When he married Alice Jane McKay on January 8, 1849, Henry Burroughs was a druggist by trade and, later became a wealthy planter, lawyer, and during the War between the States, a Confederate Major. Church records state: "John Henry, infant son of Henry B. and Alice J. Holliday, received the ordinance of baptism on Sunday, March 21, 1852, at the First Presbyterian Church in Griffin." Alice Jane died on September 16, 1866. This was a terrible blow to young John Henry for he and his mother were very close. To compound this loss, his father married Rachel Martin only three months later on December 18, 1886. Shortly after this marriage, the Holliday family moved to Valdosta, Georgia. Major Holliday quickly became one of the town's leading citizens, becoming Mayor, the Secretary of the County Agricultural Society, a Member of the Masonic Lodge, the Secretary of the Confederate Veterans Camp, and the Superintendent of local elections. Because of his family status, John Henry had to choose some sort of profession and he chose dentistry. He enrolled in dental school in 1870 and attended his first lecture session in 1870-1872. Each lecture session lasted a little over three months. He served his required two years apprenticeship under Dr. L.F. Frank. On March 1, 1872, the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery in Philadelphia conferred the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon twenty-six men, one of whom was John Henry Holliday. Upon completion of his training and graduation, Dr. Holliday opened an office with a Dr. Arthur C. Ford in Atlanta in 1872. Then, because of the session of the Southern Dental Association, Dr. Arthur C. Ford, D.D.A. was unable to serve patients, until the middle of August. Taking his place was Doc Holliday. John was a good dentist, but shortly after starting his practice, he discovered that he had contracted tuberculosis. Although he consulted a number of doctors, the consensus of all was that he had only months to live. However, they all concurred that he might add a few months to his life if he moved to a dry climate. Following this advice, Doc packed up and headed West. His first stop was in Dallas, Texas, the end of the railroad at the time. Dr. John Henry doc Holliday :: essays research papers On August 14, 1851 in Griffin, Georgia, John Henry Holliday was born to Henry Burroughs and Alice Jane Holliday. Their first child, Martha Eleanora, had died on June 12, 1850 at six months of age. When he married Alice Jane McKay on January 8, 1849, Henry Burroughs was a druggist by trade and, later became a wealthy planter, lawyer, and during the War between the States, a Confederate Major. Church records state: "John Henry, infant son of Henry B. and Alice J. Holliday, received the ordinance of baptism on Sunday, March 21, 1852, at the First Presbyterian Church in Griffin." Alice Jane died on September 16, 1866. This was a terrible blow to young John Henry for he and his mother were very close. To compound this loss, his father married Rachel Martin only three months later on December 18, 1886. Shortly after this marriage, the Holliday family moved to Valdosta, Georgia. Major Holliday quickly became one of the town's leading citizens, becoming Mayor, the Secretary of the County Agricultural Society, a Member of the Masonic Lodge, the Secretary of the Confederate Veterans Camp, and the Superintendent of local elections. Because of his family status, John Henry had to choose some sort of profession and he chose dentistry. He enrolled in dental school in 1870 and attended his first lecture session in 1870-1872. Each lecture session lasted a little over three months. He served his required two years apprenticeship under Dr. L.F. Frank. On March 1, 1872, the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery in Philadelphia conferred the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery upon twenty-six men, one of whom was John Henry Holliday. Upon completion of his training and graduation, Dr. Holliday opened an office with a Dr. Arthur C. Ford in Atlanta in 1872. Then, because of the session of the Southern Dental Association, Dr. Arthur C. Ford, D.D.A. was unable to serve patients, until the middle of August. Taking his place was Doc Holliday. John was a good dentist, but shortly after starting his practice, he discovered that he had contracted tuberculosis. Although he consulted a number of doctors, the consensus of all was that he had only months to live. However, they all concurred that he might add a few months to his life if he moved to a dry climate. Following this advice, Doc packed up and headed West. His first stop was in Dallas, Texas, the end of the railroad at the time.

Atoms, Molecules, & Elements

Atoms are the smallest entities which resemble the properties of an element and cannot be broken down into smaller parts. Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are combined. This formation can happen in a variety of ways. When two oxygen atoms join O2 is formed, and when three oxygen atoms join O3 or ozone is formed. Both of these have different properties. Different atoms can also combine to form molecules. Hydrogen combines with sulfur to form H2S and hydrogen and oxygen also combine to form H2O.Dmitri Mendeleev’s Periodic table is based on atomic weight, whereas, the modern periodic table keeps the atomic number as the base. An atomic table arranges elements from left to right in a row with the atomic number and properties gradually changing. The elements on the next row will actually exhibit similar properties as the ones above or below it. This provides an example of the periodicity nature of the elements. The columns of different elements in a period have the same or very similar properties. The properties of the elements change gradually as the columns move down through the periodic table.Atoms in similar families, such as H2S and H2O, exhibit both similar properties and molecular structure. This shows periodicity in both the molecules and the individual atoms. Alkali metals contain a single electron in their outer shell rendering them highly reactive. This allows them to be ready to donate this single electron to form molecules with substances like water. Halogens are also extremely reactive containing seven electrons in their outer shell. Similar to alkali metals, halogens need only one electron in their outer shell to become stable.The reactivity of an element increases the when the number of outer shell electrons is closer to one or seven. Elements that contain eight electrons in their outer shell exhibit little or no reactivity. Alkali metals are the elements found in group one of the periodic table. Mixing these metals with water creat es a strong base used to neutralize acids. An example of an alkali metal is sodium (Na). Sodium contains one free electron to donate to form instant bonds like NaCl. Chlorine (Cl) is an example of a halogen. Chlorine requires one single electron to make eight electrons in its’ outer shell.Ultimately the high reactivity of alkali metals and halogens are a result of their unstable electronic configuration in the outer shell. In contrast, noble gases tend to be non-reactive because these elements have stable electronic configurations in their outer shell. Helium, for example, has two electrons and neon has eight electrons in the outer shell. These elements do not normally react with other elements. Molecules from atoms in similar families, such as H2S and H2O, have the same type of molecular shape and structure.Sulfur is less electronegative than oxygen making the hydrogen-sulfur bond less polar than the hydrogen-oxygen bond. Due to this difference in polarity, the molecules of H2S tend to remain in a gaseous state. In contrast, the polarity between hydrogen and oxygen keeps the molecules of H2O together in a liquid state. This phenomenon is known as electrostatic attraction which is stronger in H2O molecules and weaker in H2S molecules. The electronic structure of atoms refers to the way electrons are arranged around the nucleus.Four quantum numbers describe this structure and define the position of an electron in the electronic structure of the atom. These numbers illustrate the structure and arrangement of electrons. This can also be defined as a wave function showing the probability of finding an electron in a point in space. Electronic configuration is important for chemists in understanding how and why certain elements react with other elements. This method is much simpler than the quantum model and allows chemists to predict how certain elements will react sometimes before the chemical reaction has taken place.Chemists can then theorize a reaction b ased on this electronic structure. Chemists can also use knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms to predict how elements will bond. They can determine whether the bond will be an electrochemical bond, a covalent bond, or a coordinate bond, etc. This also helps in explaining how certain elements will behave. Diagrams illustrating the energy level of elements also aid chemists but electronic configuration is a more preferred and simpler method for chemists to use.

Consumer Goods Classification - 1171 Words

Introduction: The classification of goods (physical products) is essential to business because it provides a basis for determining the strategies needed to move them through the marketing system. The two main forms of classifications are consumer goods and industrial goods. We are interested in this paper to elaborate more on Consumer Goods Classification only. Consumer Goods: Consumer goods are defined as goods that are bought from retail stores for personal, family, or household use. Or, they can also be defined as: Products intended for use or consumption by individuals, as opposed to organizations, companies or businesses. Consumer goods are generally divided into subcategories according to the method by which they are†¦show more content†¦For price-based shopping goods, consumers judge product attributes to be similar and look around for the least expensive item/store. Consumers will exert effort in searching for information, because shopping goods are bought infrequently. Hyundai Automobile and store-brand clothes are marketed as price-based shopping goods. Because customers are going to shop for these goods, a fundamental strategy in establishing stores that specialize in them is to locate near similar stores in active shopping areas, in other words, shopping goods require selective distribution. Ongoing strategies for marketing shopping goods include the heavy use of advertising in local media, including newspapers, radio, and television. Advertising for shopping goods is often done cooperatively with the manufacturers of the goods. Specialty Goods: Specialty goods are items that are unique or unusual—at least in the mind of the buyer. Buyers know exactly what they want and are willing to exert considerable effort to obtain it. These goods are usually, but not necessarily, of high value, and they may or may not be durable goods. They differ from shopping goods primarily because price is not the chief consideration. Often the attributes that make them unique are brand preference (e.g., a certain make of automobile) or personal preference (e.g., a food dish prepared in a specific way). Other items that fall into this category are wedding dresses, antiques, fine jewelry, and golfShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan of Lux2484 Words   |  10 Pagesfor Unilever products. Our brands are trusted everywhere and, by listening to the people who buy them, weve grown into one of the worlds most successful consumer goods companies. In fact, 150 million times a day, someone somewhere chooses a Unilever product. Highlights Unilever is one of the worlds leading suppliers of fast-moving consumer goods. Here are some recent highlights from our three global divisions - Foods, home  care and  personal care. Vision Unilever products touch the lives of over 2Read MoreCommodity School1154 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic-noneconomic. In first dimension, for the noninteractive schools selling is the essential concept whereas relationship is main source for interactive schools. In second dimension, for economic classification, the focus is economic variables such as production and distribution efficiency, prices of inputs and outputs, and consumer income levels. At the other dimension, participants of marketing activities cannot be explained by sole economic influence. It can be clarified by social and psychological factors thatRead MoreThe Terms Of A Contract1312 Words   |  6 Pagesclarify, this act encompasses the Sale of Goods Act 1979, Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982. The Consumer’s Rights Act 2015 focuses on the rights of the consumer in relation to the trader. Accordingly, this statute involves three situations: trader supplying goods to t he consumer, trader supplying services to the consumer, or trader supplying digital content to the consumer. In s(2), the statute defines a consumer as a person acting for purposes outside theirRead MoreEconomic Indicators Of The Disney Company1401 Words   |  6 Pagescase, the Disney Company will use the following economic indicators: consumer price index; productivity and cost; employment cost index; producer price index; consumer confidence level; Manufacturing and trade inventories and sales and corporate profits. Consumer price index Consumer price index is an economic indicator that is used by Disney to measure the estimation of price changes goods and services. The Disney uses the consumer price index to measure the prices changes of its different productsRead MoreService Management Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategic classification of services. Discuss the role of a service manager from an open-systems view of service. An Integrated Approach to Service Management The Eight Components †¢ Product Elements †¢ Place, Cyberspace, and Time †¢ Promotion and Education †¢ Price and Other User Outlays + Process + Productivity and Quality + People + Physical Evidence Require the Integration of Marketing, Operations, and Human Resources Service/Product Bundle Element Business Core Goods Example Read MoreStereotyping in Marketing: Good or Bad?1413 Words   |  6 PagesStereotyping in Marketing: Good or Bad? It s Monday morning at a well-to-do marketing company. You have an 11:00am meeting to interview a potential buyer for an Asian product line. It is now Ten-thirty. Your potential client s flight arrives into Metro Airport. Prior to their arrival to your office you douse the air with a light sent of orange. The meeting goes as expected, very well. Instead of a hand shake you bow to the group. You and the team leader exchange business cards. You askRead MoreHow Do Living Things Interact1733 Words   |  7 PagesTask one A). How do living things interact? Living things find a way to live off the land. Not with artificial flavouring or stuff like that. But it may not last unless we take good care of it. Living things interact by: 1). Viruses Learn about viruses and their surroundings, and how they are created. What is a Virus A virus s a small, NONLIVING particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell. Viruses are considered nonliving because they are not cells. They cannot: * use energyRead MoreSwot Analysis : Business Marketing Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesinternet Key Competitive Advantages It is healthy, has an image of being for active lifestyle, own opinion Great taste and flavour amongst young children, attracts their attention Great taste and flavour amongst young children, attracts their attention Good for the price and strong brand image as well strong product with great sponsorship amongst well known teams. Brand Image Has strong brand image, It has a modest brand image it’s more common around the world than it is here. It has a modest brand imageRead MorePCI Compliance Analysis1055 Words   |  5 Pagesanything using a credit card, you are most likely aware that thousands of cardholders have had their data stolen by unethical hackers. For this reason, there are standards, which businesses that offer credit card payment as an option must follow. Consumers have the assurance that a business is working to protect their valuable information by adhering to Payment Card Industry, PCI compliance mandates. What is PCI Compliance? All major credit card issuers must adhere to the Payment Card Industry DataRead MorePrice Elasticity of Demand and Supply1102 Words   |  5 Pageselasticity of demand measures the sensitivity of the quantity demanded to price. The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded brought by a 1 percent change in price. The value of price elasticity of demand for a normal good must always be negative, reflecting the fact that demand curves slope downward because of the inverse relationship of price and quantity. The price elasticity of demand can be an extremely useful piece of information for business firms, nonprofit

Influential American Writers Who Believed and Wrote about...

In history we had many different authors who set standards for many other authors today. We covered many different so far in the semester some of these authors have similar views and some with totally different views. We covered Jean De Crevecover, Thomas Paine, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Phillis Wheatley. These authors are Revolutionary War Era author who’s trying to answer what is an American. In history many authors try to answer this question. You get many difference answers for this question. Jean De Crevecover is French American author. Crevecover was born January 31,1735 and died November 12, 1813. Jean de Crevecover served French and Indian War. He moved to New York State and became a farmer. He†¦show more content†¦Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were both American presidents. Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father. He was born April 13 1743 and died July 4, 1826. Thomas Jefferson was anti slavery. Jefferson was famous for writing the De claration Of Independent. Ben Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Ben Franklin was born January 17, 1706 and died April 17, 1790. Ben Franklin is known for this work â€Å"Poor Richard†. Ben Franklin wasn’t just an author he was also a scientist. He was also known for the kite and key experiment. Jean De Crevecover wrote â€Å"What is An American† A letter from an American farmer. Letters from an American Farmer is letters Describing Certain Situations, Manners, and Customs not Generally Known. The twelve letters cover topics from the emergence of an American identity to the slave trade. Crevecover wrote Letters during a period of seven years prior to the American Revolutionary War while farming land near Orange County New York. It is told from the viewpoint of a English man, and each letter concerns a different aspect of life or location in the British colonies of America. Crevecover was against slavery he believes everyone such be f ree. Thomas Paine published â€Å"Common Senses† on 1776 spoke about independence for the American colonies from Britain. Common Sense played a remarkable role in transforming a colonial into the American Revolution. Common Sense inspiredShow MoreRelatedWhat Made Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Part of the Romantic Movement?745 Words   |  3 Pages1828 to about 1865. The main feature of the American Romantic period was the celebration and praise of individualism. This time is also considered to be the first period of genuine American creativity. Emotion, instead of reason, became the largest source of inspiration and creativity during this period. All of this was a reaction to all of the constraints that were forced on people during the era of Realism. At this time in history, America was in a great period of expansion, the writers of theRead MoreThe Similarities Of Transcendentalism And American Romanticism1386 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration. Two of the most prevalent literary eras were Transcendentalism and American Romanticism . Both of these movements occurred in the mid 1800’s. Although they occurred during the time period they do have their differences. Contrasts can be seen in their authors’ purpose and in their beliefs, but Transcendentalism and American Romanticism do hold many easily comparable similarities. Transcendentalism and American Romanticism authors wanted to discover themselves and lead their readers to theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Book Report The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave was written by Douglass himself, giving a detailed description of the slaveholders cruelty. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and he makes known that he does not know his specific birthdate, â€Å"... no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.† (47), but it was approximately around 1818. Once being enslaved, and then escapingRead MoreNatural Justice : The Crux Of Transcendentalism And Abolitionism1651 Words   |  7 Pagessupporters identified as transcendentalists, or writers and philosophers who believed that by looking to nature, a divine creation, society could solve its problems. In effect, they believed that because African-Americans were also God’s creatures, they too had agency. Three iconic writers associated with the movement made up for their financial failures as writers to become influential volunteers and activists that educated the Ame rican public about the repugnant nature of slavery, effectively rallyingRead MoreEssay about Influential Poets of the Beat Generation1460 Words   |  6 Pageswritings which were widely criticized as well as loved by many readers. Two of the most influential Beat Poets of that Generation of writers were Allen Ginsberg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. The Beat Generation poetry was the first poets to write about non-conventional subjects as well as using different forms of expression in their works. This generation of poets greatly influenced poets such as Anne Sexton, who wrote about personal experiences as well. The Beat Generation’s style of poetry have influencedRead MoreThomas Paine : Towards An Independent Nation1718 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Paine is most known for his influence in the freedom loving American colonies. With his excellent use of rhetoric and his charisma, he quickly began to gain followers. In his writings, such as Common Sense, The Rights of Man, and The Age of Reason, he used these skills to call the Americans to action. Thomas Paine influenced American society and literature with his argumentative pamphlets and influential writings which inspired Americans to take action against Britain. Thomas Paine sRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance And American History1217 Words   |  5 Pagesentertainment around the world. The black community used art such as music, literature, and paintings to express social freedom. Artist such as Jacob Lawrence, Langston Hughes, and Duke Ellington used their art as a form of therapy and communication to share the life of an African American in White America. This phenomenon created culture pride within the community. Their art is significant to American history because it mirrored and gave a voice to the struggles within the Black community because they expressedRead MoreCompare and Contrast Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass740 Words   |  3 PagesChristian views, and new ideas about human rights are what prompted this anti-slavery movement. Abolitionist literature began to appear around 1820. Abolitionist literature included newspapers, sermons, speeches and memoirs of slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe and Frederick Douglass were tw o abolitionist writers. They were similar in some ways and different in others (â€Å"Abolition†). Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Connecticut in 1811 as the daughter of Reverend Lyman Beecher who was active in the anti-slaveryRead MoreKate Chopins Writing Career and Influence on Society Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesKate Chopin was a influential author that introduced powerful female characters to the american literacy world. She was most known for her brilliant book The Awakening. However at that time it received many negative reviews, causing the downfall of Kate’s writing career. Now the book is such a influential story that it is being taught in classrooms throughout the world. This essay will discuss Kate Chopin’s writing career and the impact her writing has on society. Kate Chopin was an author bestRead MoreHarriet Tubman And Frederick Douglass1749 Words   |  7 Pageshelping draw attention to the grave inequalities between the races in the United States. Through Harriet Tubman’s growth from a slave to a â€Å"criminal† who helped free over 300 hundred slaves in her lifetime, and Frederick Douglass’s amazing literary works which were inspired by his life, such as, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave, which truly showed the people the realities of being a slave and exposed some of the atrocities that had been commonplace in the fields of the

Essay on Prevention Of Hiv Transmittance To Babies

Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Last year, it was cause for celebration. The cause of celebration was for the results that several clinical trials of zidovudine cut the risk for mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) by two thirds. Although, this year, it is the basis for new federal recommendations that all pregnant women should receive HIV testing and counseling. But, these findings have been cause of protests by several activist groups. Activists fear that conservative legislators and policy makers will use the clinical data to justify mandatory testing and treatment for pregnant women. During the latter part of February, the United States Public Health Services published guidelines for HIV†¦show more content†¦The center for Disease control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. reports that as of December 31, 1994, there were 58,448 women with AIDS in the United States. Nearly one fourth of the total were reported in 1994 alone. AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death in US women ages 25 to 44 and in 15 major United States cities. In 1993, the CDC estimated that 7,000 HIV infected women gave birth in this country, in other words, about one in every 625 women who gave birth that year was HIV positive. The rate of mother to child transmission rate ranged from 15% to 30%, which is estimated that there were as many as 2,000 HIV infected infants born in the United States in 1993. Much of the controversy centers on AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) protocol 076. In the 2 year study, 239 of the 477 HIV infected women enrolled received AZT during pregnancy and delivery. Their infants received the drug for six weeks. At 18 months, 8.3% of the infants in the treatment group vs. 25.5 % of the controls were infected. quot;Evidence based on every analysis that has been done of the outcomes to date shows that this is a prevention breakthrough,quot; said Wanda Jones, DrPH, acting associate director of CDCs office of Womens Health. Activists believe that the data is incomplete and should not be used as theShow MoreRelatedHiv Theory And Behavior Paper2195 Words   |  9 PagesHIV Theory and Behavior Paper HIV also Known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that leads to the disease Aids by disturbing the helper T cell of the immune system.There are two types of HIV-1 which is carried througout the world and HIV-2 which is dominant in mjaority of West Africa.HIV transmission is when the HIV virus is spread from person to person.The most common way HIV is spread through the United States is by sex intercourse and sharing drug injection equipment such as needles and

Heroic Leaders as White-Collar Criminals

Questions: 1. Five forms of white collar crimes committed through the use of information technology? 2. Analysis on techniques used to commit crimes has changed with the advancing of information technology? 3. Example of each form of white collar crime? Answers: Introduction According to Arnulf Gottschalk (2012), White collar crime is a non-violent crime, involves the crime that is to be committed through deceit as well as motivated by the financial gain. The types of white collar crimes are internet fraud, tax evasion, money laundering as well as embezzlement. The most common crime that falls under white collar crimes is insurance fraud as well as tax evasion (Dobovek Slak, 2015). Many scams as well as frauds fall into the white collar crime. This crime is committed by the people in the business world to gain access to large amount of fund. 1. Five forms of white collar crimes committed through the use of information technology Computer and Internet fraud: The computer hackers steal the information that is contained on the computer hard disks which includes bank related details, details of credit card, proprietary information. The victim uses the technological tools to access a secure internet location (Krismann, 2014). The criminal can intercept the private information of the victim such as the id, password, and information of credit card. This is referred to as identity theft. Computer hacking: It occurs when an unknown gains some illegal access to protect their computer by exploiting their vulnerabilities of the system. The hackers use the experts of the software to break the security codes to access the information stored in the computer (Gold, 2012). Web Application Security expertise tracks the hacking incident that are reported in medium and this result into the vulnerabilities in the web application security (Bhat Abulaish, 2014). Phishing: It is a virtual trap that is set by the offender to use the official e-mails to attract the victim; take them to a fake websites to take the personal information of the victim. The criminal requires the internal information of an organization by hacking the computer network of that organization (Heinonen, Spink Wilson, 2014). They send e-mails to the targeted victims to click on an e-mail to provide their password, user id as well as access codes etc. Copyright infringement: It is the activity that includes both physical harm and violence. The criminal uses the unauthorized use of the copyrighted materials. The use of internet is increasing for infringement activities that make the criminal sanction better prevention, thus the internet copyright infringement becomes a white collar crime. It causes many security risks to an organization that includes the infiltration of malware as well as viruses that threaten the security of the system and slow down the IT networks (Eivazi, 2012). Money laundering: It is the associated with the crimes that provide financial gain to the criminal (Zabyelina, 2015). The criminal is using electronic technology to execute the crime of money laundering (Stack, 2015). The use of new technology provides more avenues to the criminal to launder fund. Therefore, the criminals are being benefited from the technology (Behrens, 2015). 2. Analysis on techniques used to commit crimes has changed with the advancing of information technology A wide range of new technology has been developed that is used as a crime prevention tools. These innovation techniques are appearance of threat assessment protocols, new software programs is developed to prevent the identity theft, a new assessment tools is developed to identify the individuals those are likely offender within the specified frame of time (Furnell Moore, 2014). A program referred to as GIS mapping is used to examine the location of the offender (Wright, 2012). The other area in which the information technology is used to prevent the crime is the use of newly developed software as well as creation of new devices to monitor the transaction over the internet on web bases social networking sites (Perri, 2011). It has changed the way of investigating the financial crime, internet related crime (Braithwaite, 2010). Data encryption is the procedure that is used to prevent the cyber crime; it is used in cryptography to convert the plaintext into cipher text. Mainly, it is used to prevent the criminal to read the message of any recipient. In this procedure, each individual has a pair of keys, i.e. public as well as private key (Jo, Lee Choi, 2015). Public key of each individual is published but the private key is kept back secret from others. The messages are being encrypted using the public key and it is decrypted using private key. Digital signature is the technique that is used to validate both the authenticity as well as integrity of the software as well as message or any digital document (Cui Jiang, 2012). It solves the problem of tampering in digital communications (Zhu Yang, 2015). It also provides the assurance of confirmation to identity as well as the importance of an electronic document (Savu, 2012). Therefore, digital signature makes complicated for the signer to deny have signed so mething as it is unique to both the document as well as signer. It is also used to provide safe transaction over the internet. In many countries, digital signature has the legal significance of signed documents (M E K C, 2015). 3. Example of each form of white collar crime Online fraud: Western union is used for doing online fraud; most of the scams encouraged the clients to use western union for transferring of funds (Sajid Bashir, 2011). As western union does not offer escrow services, thus the clients cannot get any return for non-receipt of goods as well as services (Gottschalk, 2011). It is not an appropriate way to transfer the funds for any business purposes. Online hacking: The state of Montanas department of health exposed that an information breach affected their business. It is being seen that the personal information of current as well as former residents, the families of the dead have been accessed in the attack. (Michael, 2012). It is not clear if the hackers are using the information or selling on black market (Lakoff, 2012). The hackers information gained some access to personal information like records of medical, records of insurance, address and certificates of date of birth (Gottschalk Glas, 2013). Phishing: In the year 2003, the users received emails from eBay claim that the account of the users was about to hanging the information of the credit card that the genuine eBay already had (Gupta Pieprzyk, 2011). It is easy to make website that is look like the organizations site; the scam on the people being tricked by thinking them that it was being contacted by eBay and they were updating their account information in the eBays sites (Li, Zhao Jiao, 2011). Copyright infringement: Pharmaceutical companies make fake claims about drugs as well as factories are unlawfully dump toxic wastes. Hooker Chemical Company dumped toxic waste into canal in Nigeria falls and sold the land without disclose the dumping (Larsson, 2013). The land was sold to private housing developer and the residents faces major health problems such as birth defects etc (Miller, 2012). Money laundering: A French bank fled guilty for falsifying business record after it was discovered that the institution violated US sanctions against Cuba, Sudan and Iran (Mugarura, 2015). As a result, the bank was to pay the amount of $8.9 billion which is the largest fine for violating those sanctions (Markovska Adams, 2015). Conclusion Internet is a new access to white collar crimes. It has a bigger effect on the economy. It is a non-violent act that is committed by business person as well as public official. Most of the white collar crimes involved significant use or misuse of a computer. Social as well as technological changes give rise to white collar crime. The hackers access information that is contained on the computer hard disks which includes bank related details, details of credit card etc. Phishing is a virtual trap that is set by the cyber criminals to use the official e-mails to attract the victim and take them to a fake websites and then by tricking the victim and take their personal information. Data encryption is used to prevent the criminal to read the message of any recipient. Therefore, digital signature makes complicated for the signer to deny have signed something as it is unique to both the document as well as signer. References List Arnulf, J., Gottschalk, P. (2012). Heroic Leaders as White-Collar Criminals: An Empirical Study. Journal Of Investigative Psychology And Offender Profiling, 10(1), 96-113. Behrens, T. (2015). Lift-off for Mexico? Crime and finance in money laundering governance structures. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(1), 17-33. Bhat, S., Abulaish, M. (2014). Using communities against deception in online social networks. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(2), 8-16. Braithwaite, J. (2010). Diagnostics of white-collar crime prevention. Criminology Public Policy, 9(3), 621-626. Cui, X., Jiang, L. (2012). Design and Realization of Digital Signature System. AMR, 562-564, 872-875. Dobovek, B., Slak, B. (2015). Old horizons of organised-white collar crime. Journal Of Financial Crime, 22(3), 305-317. Eivazi, K. (2012). Is termination of internet users accounts by an ISP a proportionate response to copyright infringement?. Computer Law Security Review, 28(4), 458-467. Furnell, S., Moore, L. (2014). Security literacy: the missing link in today's online society?. Computer Fraud Security, 2014(5), 12-18. Gold, S. (2012). Hacking on the hoof. Engineering Technology, 7(3), 80-83. Gottschalk, P. (2011). White-Collar Crime and Police Crime: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrels?. Critical Criminology, 20(2), 169-182. Gottschalk, P., Glas, L. (2013). Gender in White-Collar Crime: An Empirical Study of Pink-Collar Criminals. International Letters Of Social And Humanistic Sciences, 4, 22-34. Gupta, G., Pieprzyk, J. (2011). Socio-technological phishing prevention. Information Security Technical Report, 16(2), 67-73. Heinonen, J., Spink, J., Wilson, J. (2014). When crime events defy classification: The case of product counterfeiting as white-collar crime. Security Journal. Jo, S., Lee, S., Choi, D. (2015). Data Preprocessor for Order Preserving Encryption. AMM, 752-753, 1356-1359. Krismann, C. (2014). Sources: Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime. Reference User Services Quarterly, 53(3), 278-278. Lakoff, A. (2012). Ian Hacking. Public Culture, 24(1 66), 217-232. Larsson, D. (2013). The Reaction Towards White Collar Crime: When White Collar Crime Matters. TOCRIJ, 6(1), 1-9. Li, Y., Zhao, L., Jiao, R. (2011). Phishing web image segmentation based on improving spectral clustering. J. Electron.(China), 28(1), 101-107. M E, R., K C, R. (2015). Application of Classical Encryption Techniques for Securing Data- A Threaded Approach. IJCI, 4(2), 125-132. Markovska, A., Adams, N. (2015). Political corruption and money laundering: lessons from Nigeria. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(2), 169-181. Michael, K. (2012). Hacking: The Next Generation. Computers Security, 31(6), 799. Miller, A. (2012). White coats and white-collar crime. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(1), E19-E20. Mugarura, N. (2015). The jeopardy of the bank in enforcement of normative anti-money laundering and countering financing of terrorism regimes. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(3), 352-370. Perri, F. (2011). White-Collar Criminals: The Kinder, Gentler Offender?. Journal Of Investigative Psychology And Offender Profiling, 8(3), 217-241. Sajid Bashir,. (2011). Antecedents of white collar crime in organizations: A literature review. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, 5(35). Savu, L. (2012). Combining Public Key Encryption with Schnorr Digital Signature. JSEA, 05(02), 102-108. Stack, G. (2015). Baltic shells: on the mechanics of trade-based money-laundering in the former Soviet space. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(1), 81-98. Wright, R. (2012). Prosecution white collar crime whats going on?. Ac, 1998(12). Zabyelina, Y. (2015). Reverse money laundering in Russia: clean cash for dirty ends. J Of Money Laundering Control, 18(2), 202-219. Zhu, S., Yang, X. (2015). Protecting data in cloud environment with attribute-based encryption. International Journal Of Grid And Utility Computing, 6(2), 91.